Exam 1 Flashcards
What is educational psychology?
How do people learn? And for what purpose? How can we know? We can teach all we want but how do we know it’s beneficial and that they learned
What is a theory?
an interrelated set of concepts used to explain a body of data and to make predictors about the results of future experiments, analyzed set of ideas theories represent what we think we know so far based on scientific evidence
What is the purpose of psychological theories?
to understand, explain, predict, and control
Why do we use correlational and experimental studies?
we gain more strength in our conclusions with these two studies
what is the goal in correlational research
to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics
What is a positive correlation in a correlational study?
two variables change in the same direction, up,up ; down, down
What is a negative correlation in a correlational study?
They are in different directions ; up, down; down, up
Does correlations mean causations?
no it may not be the causes and this is one of the biggest flaw in research
What is the purpose of experimental research?
allows educational psychologists to determine the causes of behavior through performing an experiment
What is the difference between correlational and experimental research?
correlational research does not involve manipulation of factors, it is not a dependable way to isolate cause
The independent variable
is the manipulated, influential, experimental factor
the dependent variable
outcome - the variable being measured - the thing we expect to change
random assignment
randomnly assign individuals into groups ex:not just a group of men and a group of women
Why is it important to know the differences in research designs?
it is important to know and understand each research design to understand the interpetation of the research
How do we know if research is reliable
systematic observation or experiments, rigorious data analysis, clearly described and repeatable, must be peer reviewed
self-regulation
is a skill within emotional learning (we’re not born with it) and begins with delay of gratification putting off something you want to achieve some goal later in life
temperament
we’re born with it, fundamental charateristics of who we are, regularity, mood, attitude towards initation
authoritarian parenting
do it b/c i said so, allow little verbal exhchange, and children tend to have poor communication skills and low self-esteem
uninvolved parenting
don’t have expectations, neglectful, lack of desire to spend time with children
indulgent parenting
they don’t impose a lot of rules, they should be able to do whatever they want (the children), wants to be best friends with the child
authoritative parenting
warm and firm, there’s an ability to engage, you tell them the consequences with things, encourages children to be independent but still set limits and rules
what are some crititques of parenting styles
some children are exposed to multiple parenting depending on if they move around or stay at different people’s house, styles change as children develop, lack of sensitivity to cultural differences
microsystem
variables that the child is directly exposed to - family, school, neighbors, religion,
mesosystem
interconnections between the microsystems; exampe: interaction between the family and teachers, relationship between the child’s peers and the family, children is influenced by the relationship rather than directly affect by it
exosystem
insutitions of society that indirectly affect a child’s development ex: parents work place, funding for edcuation
macrosystem
cultural context, provides the values, beliefs, customs, and laws of the culture in which a child grows up
chronosystem an biology
developmental time, events and transitions over the life course - socicultural and history
peer status - popular children
nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers, they usually are happy, act like themselves, listen carefully, show energy and concern for others
peer status - average children
both positive and negative nominations from peers,
peer status - neglected children
infrequently nominated as a best friend and are often disliked by peers
peer status - controversial children
are frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and disliked
self-esteem
refers to a child’s overall view of himself/herself - self-worth/self-image, and for girls it drops really low as they go into adolescence years - evaluation of self
self-concept
perceptions of self
identity
overall sense of who you are
identity diffusion
occurs when individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments not only are they undecided about idelogoical choices, but they show little interest
identity foreclosure
occurs when they have made a commitment but have not faced a crisis yet - and usually because parents had down their commitment to their children and so have not explored much on their own
identity menatorium
occurs when indivduals are in the midst of a crisis but their commitments are either absent or only vaguly defined
identity achievement
occurs when individual have gone a crisis and makes a commitment
personality
the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that charaterized an indivudlal
easy temperament
positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in ifnfancy, adapts easily to new enviornments
difficult temperament
reacts negatively and cries frequently, enganges in irregular daily routines, slow to accept change
slow to warm up temperament
low activity level, somewhat negative, displays low intensity of mood level
