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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main reasons for semen collection?

A
  1. prelude to AI
    - may or may not store semen
  2. evaluation of semen
    - fertility evaluation
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2
Q

what are the three main ways to collect semen?

A
  1. artificial vagina
  2. digital manipulation
  3. electroejaculation process
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3
Q

what is an artificial vagina?

A

tube with rubber liner that has a collection bottle attached to it
-uses thermal and mechanical stimulation to cause ejaculation

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4
Q

for what species is the artificial vagina commonly used for?

A

stallion
dog
bull
rabbit

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5
Q

what is digital manipulation?

A

massage the penis

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6
Q

for what species is digital manipulation commonly used for?

A

boar

dog

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7
Q

what is electroejactulation process?

A

applying a series of short, low voltage pulses of current to the pelvic nerves

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8
Q

for what species is the electroejactulation process commonly used for?

A

almost any mammal

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9
Q

what are the three advantages of semen collection methods?

A
  1. collect from feral animals
  2. male doesn’t have to mount
  3. used on quadrapelegic/parapelegic males who desire biological children
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10
Q

what is one of the most overlooked faults during semen collection?

A

semen handling

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11
Q

what does thermal stress cause?

A

quickly reduced amount of viable sperm

-temperature cannot be too hot or too cold

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12
Q

what should you look for with semen evaluation?

A 
color
volume
concentration
morphology 
motility
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13
Q

what should the color of semen be?

A

milky

pearly color

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14
Q

what are some examples of things that would be spermicidal?

A

blood or urine in semen

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15
Q

what should the volume of semen be?

A

boar - 500mL
stallion- 3-50mL
ram - 10mL
men - 10 mL

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16
Q

what does semen volume depend on?

A

species

breeding season

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17
Q

how do you determine semen concentration?

A

multiplying concentration (sperm per mL) by the volume of ejaculate

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18
Q

how do you figure out how many sperm per mL there are?

A

using a hemocytometer

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19
Q

what is a hemocytometer?

A

machine that counts the number of sperm per mL of semen

-its tedious

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20
Q

what does a spectrophotometer do?

A

measures the amount of light absorbed by a semen sample

-the more sperm in the sample, the more light that is absorbed

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21
Q

what is motility?

A

the percent of sperm that are moving

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22
Q

what are progressively motile sperm?

A

move briskly forward in a straight line

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23
Q

what are motile sperm?

A

sperm that move but don’t go in a straight line

they go in circles

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24
Q

what should sperm motility be fore bulls, stallions, boars, dogs, and men?

A

bulls - 30%
stallion, boars - 60%
dogs - 70%
men - 50%

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25
Q

what is morphology?

A

how many sperm are dead vs. alive

how many are anatomically incorrect

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26
Q

what is the percentage for normal anatomical morphology?

A

70%

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27
Q

when using stain on semen, how can you determine which ones are dead, and which ones are alive?

A

the ones that pick up the stain are dead
dead = blue
alive = pink

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28
Q

what is reproduction controlled by?

A

nervous and endocrine system

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29
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for?

A

producing signals internally after being stimulated by external stimuli

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30
Q

what are some example of external stimuli?

A 
visual 
auditory
thermal 
olfactory
tactile
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31
Q

what are afferent nerves?

A

carry stimulus from outside of the body to the inside of the body

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32
Q

what are efferent nerves?

A

carry stimulus from inside to inside

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33
Q

what do nerves produce?

A

NT

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34
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

transmits signals throughout the body using glands that secrete hormones

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35
Q

what do hormones control?

A 
metabolism 
reproduction  
growth 
sleep 
emotions
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36
Q

what are NT?

A

signaling molecule used to elicit a change in the body

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37
Q

what is the hypothalamus considered?

A

control center for reproduction

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38
Q

what is the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

nerves in the hypothalamus

located within serge center and tonic center

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39
Q

what are the nerves form the hypothalamic nuclei responsible for?

A

producing and secreting GnRH

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40
Q

where does GnRH travel to?

A

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

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41
Q

where is the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system located?

A

pituitary stalk in the anterior pituitary

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42
Q

what does paraventricualar nuclei produce?

A

oxytocin

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43
Q

where is the paraventricualar nuclei located?

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

how is oxytocin secreted from the paraventricualar nuclei?

A

it passes through that pituitary stalk and terminated in the posterior pituitary
- this is where oxytocin can be stored and released upon stimulation

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45
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

underneath the hypothalamus

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46
Q

what is the pituitary gland composed of?

A

anterior and posterior lobe

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47
Q

what hormones is the anterior lobe responsible for producing and secreting?

A 
FSH
LH
PRL
GH
ACTH
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48
Q

what hormones is the posterior lobe responsible for producing and secreting?

A

oxytocin

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49
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates milk let down and uterine contractions

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50
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

stimulates ovarian follicle growth

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51
Q

what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A

involved with folliculogenesis

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52
Q

what does LH surge cause?

A

ovulation

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53
Q

what does prolactin releasing (PRL) do?

A

stimulation of milk production

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54
Q

what does releasing hormone (GH) do?

A

stimulated cell reproduction and regeneration

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55
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

deals with stress and circadian rhythms

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56
Q

what are the types of cells in the anterior lobe?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

57
Q

what are acidophils?

A

pink

produce GH/PRL

58
Q

what are basophils?

A

blue

produce FSH/LH/ACTH

59
Q

what are chromophobes?

A

no color

don’t pick up stain very well

60
Q

what are the types of cells in the posterior lobe?

A

herring body

pituicyte

61
Q

what is a herring body?

A

terminal end of PVN axon

62
Q

what is pituicyte?

A

non-neurologicl cells that help support herring body and nerves

63
Q

how can hormones be classified?

A

their function
origin of production vs. biochemical structure
source of information

64
Q

what does the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do?

A

stimulates production of anterior pituitary reproductive hormones (FSH & LH)

65
Q

where is GnRH produced?

A

surge and tonic centers in hypothalamus

66
Q

what are gonadotropins produced by?

A

gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary after stimulation from GnRH

67
Q

what do gonadotropins do?

A

stimulate production of hormones from gonads

68
Q

what is human chorionic gondatropin (hCG) produced by?

A

placenta after embryo implantation

-pregnancy tests look for this hormone

69
Q

what is maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans?

A

human chorionic gondatropin (hCG)

70
Q

what does human chorionic gondatropin (hCG) do?

A

prolongs the life of the CL

71
Q

what is equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) produced by?

A

endometrial cups from the placenta in mares between day 40-120 of gestations

72
Q

what does equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) do?

A

maintains the CL life

73
Q

what is equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) also known as

A

pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

74
Q

what are sexual promotors?

A

steroid hormone

75
Q

where are sexual promotors produced?

A

gonads

76
Q

what are some examples of sexual promotors?

A

testosterone
estrogen
progesterone

77
Q

what do sexual promotors stimulate?

A
  1. reproductive tract
  2. regulate hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  3. secondary sex characteristics
78
Q

what are pregnancy maintenance hormones?

A

maintain a pregnancy

stimulate milk production

79
Q

what are some example of pregnancy maintenance hormones?

A

progesterone
placental lactogen
hCG/eCG

80
Q

what is a luteolytic hormone produced by?

A

endometrial lining of the uterus

81
Q

what does luteolytic hormone stimulate?

A

PGF2 alpha which degrades of CL

82
Q

what happens with the breakdown of the CL?

A

progesterone decreases

83
Q

what are neurohoromones?

A

hormones that are produced and secreted by the neuron

84
Q

what are some examples of a neurohormone?

A

GnRH

oxytocin

85
Q

what are hormones?

A

produced and secreted by cells that are not neuronal

86
Q

where are gonadotrope cells found?

A

anterior pituitary

87
Q

where are leydig cells found?

A

in the interstial space of the testes

88
Q

where are granulosa cells found?

A

in ovarian follicle

89
Q

where are theca cells found?

A

surrounding the ovarian follicles

90
Q

what are peptide hormones composed of?

A

AA

91
Q

what are some examples of peptide hormones?

A

GnRH
oxytocin
prolactin

92
Q

what are glycoprotein hormones composed of?

A

alpha and beta subunits

93
Q

what are alpha and beta subunits?

A

long chain AA

94
Q

what are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?

A 
FSH 
LH 
inhibin 
activing
hCG
eCG
95
Q

what do steroid hormones have?

A

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene center

96
Q

what are steroid hormones derived of?

A

cholesterol

97
Q

what is the order of the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene center?

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. progesterone
  3. 17-beta hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase
  4. testosterone
  5. aromatase
  6. estrogen
98
Q

what does aromatase do?

A

produces estrogen

99
Q

what are prostaglandins?

A

lipid compound

100
Q

what are prostaglandins derived from?

A

arachidonic acid

101
Q

what does aracadonic acid produce?

A

PGE2

PGF2alpha

102
Q

what does activin stimulate?

A

FSH

103
Q

what does inhibin do?

A

inhibits follicular growth

stops FSH

104
Q

what is the estrous cycle?

A

whole series of events

105
Q

what is estrus?

A

when the female is in heat

106
Q

what is another heat?

A

estrual

107
Q

what is anestrus?

A

not having a estrus cycle
no estrogen
no high progesterone

108
Q

when does anestrus happen?

A

depends on the species
mare during winter
ewes during summer

109
Q

what is polyestrous?

A

when they do into estrous multiple times during the year

- cats and cows

110
Q

what is seasonally polyestrous?

A

have multiple cycles through part of the year during her breeding season

111
Q

what is monoestrous?

A

one estrus cycle the entire year

-dog

112
Q

what happens during proestrous?

A

beginning of follicular phase
decrease in progesterone
increase GnRH, FSH, LH - which stimulate follicle growth

113
Q

how long does proestrous last?

A

2-5 days depending on species

114
Q

is the female interested in the male during proestrous?

A

no

115
Q

what happens during estrus?

A

estrogen peaks
standing heat
allows male to mount

116
Q

how long does estrus last?

A 
depends on species 
cattle last 14-18 hours
sows last 44 hours
mare last 4-7 days 
ewe last 30 hours
117
Q

what happens during metestrus?

A

shortest phase about 24 hours
beginning of luteal phase
LH surge - ovulation
early development of CH

118
Q

what happens during diestrus?

A

longest phase about 14 days
CL formation
increase in P4
decrease GnRH

119
Q

what happens during anestrus?

A

no estrous cycle or any signs of sexual behavior

ovaries inactive

120
Q

what can cause there to be an insufficient amount of GnRH?

A 
some diseases
pregnant
lactating
long/short day breeders
physical/emotional stress
121
Q

what are two reasons that anestrus most likely involved?

A
  1. some species have an increased risk for decreased embryo attachment in uterus during high temperatures
  2. offspring want to be born when temperatures are warmer or when forages are nutrient dense
122
Q

what is a long-day breeder?

A

in spring when the day length increases

ex: mare

123
Q

what is a short-day breeder?

A

in the fall when the day length decreases

ex: ewes

124
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

helps our 24 sleep cycle

125
Q

what does melatonin stimulate?

A

GnRH

126
Q

what is silent heat?

A

female ovulated but show no signs estrus

127
Q

why does silent heat?

A

no estrogen receptors in the brain

128
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

the growth and creation of follicles

129
Q

what happens during the follicular phase?

A

proestrus

estrus

130
Q

what is necessary for ovulation?

A

LH surge

131
Q

what happens because of the LH surge?

A
  1. increase PGE2
  2. increase smooth muscle contractions
  3. increase in collagenase
132
Q

what does an increase PGE2 do?

A

increase blood flow to ovary/graafian follicles
follicle swells
ovulation

133
Q

what happens when there is an increase in smooth muscle contractions?

A

increase pressure of follicle

134
Q

what does an increase in collagenase do?

A

degrades follicular wall

135
Q

what is being created as a result of pressure on the follicle?

A

apex: pointed end

ovulation stigma

136
Q

what are the two different types of ovulators?

A

spontaneous

induced

137
Q

what is a spontaneous ovulator?

A

hormonal changes
estrogen & LH surge
will ovulate despite copulation

138
Q

what is an induced ovulator?

A

physical stimulation of vaginal canal needed to trigger ovulation

139
Q

how does induced ovulation work?

A
  1. copulation stimulates sensory nerves in the vagina
  2. nerve impulses travel to the brain
  3. information is relayed to anterior pituitary
    - LH surge –ovulation

Physiology of Reproduction (2 decks)

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