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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four different types of tissue?

A

nervous
epithelial
muscle
connective

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

intertwining elongated processes

main function is transmission of nervous impulses

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

aggregated polyhedral
small amount of extracellular matrix
lining of surface or body cavities
main function is glandular secretion

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

elongated contractile cells
moderate amount of extracellular matrix
main function is movement

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

several types of fixed and wandering cells
abundant amount of extracellular matrix
main function is support and protection

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6
Q

what are epithelial tissues vital for?

A

protection
secretion
absorption
excretion

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7
Q

what is protection?

A

a barrier

ex: copulation

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8
Q

what is secretion?

A

release material

ex: hormones into blood stream

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9
Q

what is absorption?

A

bringing substances into the body

ex: digestive tract

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10
Q

what is excretion?

A

removes material

ex: lines excretory tract

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11
Q

what are the different tissue layers of the female reproductive tract?

A

serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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12
Q

what is serosa?

A

the outer epithelial layer

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13
Q

what is muscularis?

A

muscle layer
longitudinal
circulation

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14
Q

what is submucosa?

A

connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

what is mucosa?

A

inner epithelial layer

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16
Q

what is the opening in the reproductive tract called?

A

lumen

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17
Q

what is the female reproductive system designed to do?

A
  • produce and transport female gamete
  • produce reproductive hormones
  • site of semen deposit
  • site of fertilization
  • maintain fetus during gestation
  • deliver fetus
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18
Q

what does the reproductive tract consist of?

A 
ovaries
oviduct
uterine horn 
uterus
cervix
vagina
external genitalia
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19
Q

what is a polytocous?

A

liter baring species

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20
Q

what does the ovary do?

A

constantly changing

produces female gamete, oocyte, and reporoductive hormones

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21
Q

what is the oocyte?

A

egg

haploid cell

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22
Q

what are the different parts of the ovary?

A 
medulla
cortex
hilus
follicle 
oocyte
corpusluteum
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23
Q

what is the ovarian medulla?

A

middle
houses the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics
composed of connective tissue

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24
Q

what is the ovarian cortex?

A

thin layer surrounding the medulla

houses growing, atretic follicles and growing, regressing corpora lutea

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25
Q

what is the ovarian hilus?

A

region housing blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves entering/exiting the ovary

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26
Q

what is the ovarian follicle?

A

spheroid cellular aggregation in the ovaries

houses female gamete

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27
Q

about how many ovarian follicles do women ovulate?

A

300 of 6-7 million

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28
Q

what is the name of the process that follicles undergo?

A

folliculogenesis

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29
Q

what are the different stages that follicles grow during folliculogenesis?

A 
primordial 
primary 
secondary
tertiary
graafian/pre-ovulatory
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30
Q

what is a primordial follicle?

A 
microscopic 
oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous granulosa cells 
produces estrogen
2 different types of cells make it up 
exist in little groups called nests
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31
Q

what is a primary follicle?

A

microscopic

oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

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32
Q

what is a secondary follicle?

A

microscopic
oocyte surrounded by 2+ layers of cuboidal granulosa cells
oocyte in the follicle develops a glycoprotein-rich band around the plasma membrane called the zona pellucida

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33
Q

what does the zona pellucida deal with?

A

sperm interaction

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34
Q

what is a tertiary follicle?

A

visible to the naked eye
multiple layers of cubodial granulosa cells
two layers of theca cells
development of the antrum

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35
Q

what is the antrum?

A

a cavity that fills with liquid called liquor folliculi

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36
Q

what is another name for liquor folliculi and what does it contain?

A

follicular fluid
contains hyaluronic acid
found in your joints

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37
Q

what is a graafian follicle?

A

dominant ovulatory follicle

within the follicle cumulus cells surround the oocyte creating the cumulus oocyte complex

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38
Q

what happens when an cumulus oocyte complex (COC) is created?

A

it with undergo ovulation or release from the follicle

-enzymes eat away at follicular wall during ovulation

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39
Q

what happens to the other oocytes if they don’t ovulate?

A

they undergo atresia

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40
Q

what is ovulation?

A

when a graafian follicle bursts

the COC is released

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41
Q

what are the steps of ovulation?

A
  1. it becomes corpus hemorrhasicum (blood body)
  2. after 24 hours it becomes corpus luteum (yellow body) - produces estrogen
  3. if the female doesn’t get pregnant then the CL regresses and looks like a small scar on the ovary called the corpus albican
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42
Q

what is the difference in a mares ovary?

A

her ovary is inside out

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43
Q

what is an ovulation fossa?

A

the one area that a mare can ovulate from in her ovary

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44
Q

what is an oviduct?

A

a tube with three sections
helps with oocyte/sperm movement
site of fertilization
site of early embryonic development

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45
Q

what is an infundibulum?

A

funnel shaped area of the oviduct that works like a catchers mitt and brings the COC into the female reproductive tract

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46
Q

what does the infundibulum contain?

A

fimbria

finger like projections to help pull the COC into the os

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47
Q

what is an os?

A

opening of the infundibulum

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48
Q

what is an ampulla?

A

half of the oviduct
has mucosal folds
has cilia
helps move COC down oviduct

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49
Q

what is the ampullary-isthmus junction?

A

where the ampulla meets the isthmus

fertilization site

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50
Q

what is the isthmus?

A

last half of the oviduct
connects to the uterus
thick muscularis layer

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51
Q

what does the muscularis layer accomplish?

A

move the COC down into the oviduct

move sperm up into the oviduct

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52
Q

what does the mucosa layer do?

A

(closest to the lumen of the oviduct)
keep the COC and sperm alive
for early embryonic development

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53
Q

what is a zygote?

A

oocyte and sperm 24 hours after fertilization

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54
Q

how long will the zygote stay in the oviduct after fertilization?

A

3-6 days

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55
Q

what is the function of the uterine horn?

A 
transport system for sperm 
site of majority of fetal growth 
endocrine gland
responsible for parturition
placenta/uterus all for nutrients/O2 exchange
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56
Q

what are the different anatomical types of uteri?

A

duplex
bicornuate
simplex

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57
Q

what is a duplex uterus?

A
  • single vaginal canal that but then splits into two vaginas

- singer vaginal canal and connects to two cervices

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58
Q

what is a bicornate uterus?

A

depending on the species it is either very small (mare) or very long (cow, sow)

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59
Q

what is a simplex uterus?

A

doesn’t have uterine horns
primates
women

60
Q

what are the layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrian

61
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

protects the outside of the uterus

is the most external layer

62
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

in other organs this is called the muscularis
assists with:
-motility of sperm
-embryo placement in uterus
it is the main force that pushes fetus and placenta out of uterus during parturition

63
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

made up of submucosa and mucosa
most internal layer
endometrial glands produce:
-hormone PGF2-alpha, causes CL to regress
-histotrophe, enhances embryonic and sperm survival

64
Q

what are caruncles?

A

button-like structures that cover the endometrium in ruminants
provides maternal connection to fetal placenta

65
Q

what is cotyledons?

A

the fetal side of the placenta

66
Q

what do the caruncle and the cotyledons make up?

A

placentomes

67
Q

what is a cervix?

A

thick-walled region between the uterus and the vagina

-different shape depending on the species

68
Q

the cervix is a barrier of sperm transport in which species?

A

ewe

cow

69
Q

what is the purpose of the cervix?

A
  • to isolate the reproductive tract from the external environment during pregnancy
  • produces a vicious mucus during pregnancy to flush out bacteria
70
Q

when is the cervix open?

A

during high E2

71
Q

what is the cervix closed?

A

during high P4

72
Q

what happens when the mucus plug in the cervix is lost during pregnancy?

A

the pregnancy will most likely be aborted because of infection

73
Q

what is a vagina?

A

copulatory organ for the female
site of semen deposit
urine explusion
contains vestibular glands to produce lubrication

74
Q

what does the fornix do?

A

serves as the pocket surrounding the cervix

75
Q

what is a vaginal prolapse and what species does it occur in?

A

protrusion of the internal reproductive tract
ewe
use a ewe spoon to keep the reproductive tract in place

76
Q

what is a vulva?

A

external region of the reproductive tract
consists of left and right labia folds
acts as another seal to the reproductive tract

77
Q

what does the cutaneous bridge do?

A

separates the vulva from the anus

78
Q

what is a caslick’s suture?

A

suture that keeps air/bacteria from getting into the vaginal canal due to the labia folds not closing
in mares

79
Q

what does the male reproductive system accomplish?

A
  • produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid
  • discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract
  • produce and secrete male sex hormones to maintain reproductive system and for secondary sex characteristics (heavier muscles, more hair, deeper voice)
80
Q

what is semen made up of?

A

sperm

seminal fluid

81
Q

what does male reproductive anatomy consist of?

A 
scrotum
testes
epididymis
vas deferens
accessory sex glands
penis
82
Q

what is a scrotum?

A

two-lobed sack that protects and supports the testes outside of the body cavity

83
Q

what are the four layers of scrotum?

A

skin
tunica dartos
scrotal fascia
parietal tunica vaginalis

84
Q

what does the skin of the scrotum contain?

A

sweat glands for cooling

thermosensitive nerves

85
Q

what happens when scrotal temperature increases?

A

hypothalamus detects the change and stimulates the sweat glands and the skin will become wet
male will also pant to help lower body temp

86
Q

what does the tunica dartos contain?

A

mesh-like muscular layer anterior to the skin
has nerves to stimulate contractions
can contract for a long time
brings the testes closer to the body when they are cold to warm them up
relaxing the muscle allows the testes to cool down
depends on testosterone

87
Q

what does the scrotal fascia contain?

A

missing

88
Q

what does the parietal tunica vaginalis contain?

A

white connective tissue and muscle fibers covering the testis

89
Q

what are testes?

A

contained in the scrotum

produce testosterone and sperm

90
Q

what are the two main types of tissue in the testes?

A

parenchyma

mediastinum

91
Q

what is the parenchyma?

A

the functional part of the testes
contains:
seminiferous tubules
interstitial compartments

92
Q

what are seminiferous tubules?

A

tightly coiled loops where spermatogenesis occurs

93
Q

what is the order of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia
spermatocyte
spermatid

94
Q

what are sertoli cells and what are its functions?

A

somatic cells
function:
-produce anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) during fetal life
-produce antrogen binding protein (ABP), keeps testosterone concentration high in seminiferous tubules
-form blood testis barriers, control entry and exit of nutrients and hormones into the tubules

95
Q

what do the interstitial compartments contain?

A 
blood vessels
connective tissues
lymphatics
nerves
interstitial cells
96
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

central connective tissue in the core of the testis

97
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

located outside of each testis

has head, body, and tail

98
Q

what are the five functions of the epididymis?

A
  1. passageway for sperm from the testes into the body cavity
  2. sperm are concentrated in the head
  3. sperm is matured in the body
  4. sperm is stored in the tail
  5. control the exit of sperm from the tail
99
Q

what is extragonadal reserves (EGR)?

A

storage capacity for sperm

the more times an animal ejaculates in a day, the lower the sperm concentration in the semen

100
Q

what causes excess sperm to be expelled by urination?

A

peristaltic contractions in the tail of the epididymis

101
Q

what are vas deferens?

A

connects tail of epididymis to the urethra and is capable of peristaltic contractions

102
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

removal of a portion of the vas deferens

103
Q

what is a gomer bull?

A

a tease

will mount whoever is in heat

104
Q

what happens to unused sperm?

A

it will be reabsorbed

105
Q

what is a cremaster muscle?

A

main support structure for the testes
aids in temperature control - short term
facilitates the movement of blood to and from the testes in the pampiniform plexus

106
Q

what is a pampiniform plexus?

A

countercurrent heat exchange

-veins carrying cooler blood draw some heat from the artery traveling down towards the testes

107
Q

what is a pulse pressure eliminator?

A

part of the pampiniform plexus

arteries have a pulse but before it reaches the testes the pulse stops

108
Q

what are accessory sex glands?

A

make seminal plasma in the abdominal cavity

109
Q

what is seminal plasma responsible for?

A

transportation fluid of sperm to be ejaculated into the female reproductive tract
provides nutrients to the sperm

110
Q

what do accessory sex glands rely on?

A

testosterone

111
Q

what are accessory sex glands comprised of and what do they do?

A
  • ampullae - enlargement of the vas deferens that connects to the urethra
  • vesicular glands - produce a viscous component (boars ejaculate an abundant amount)
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland - gel fraction helps semen stick together
112
Q

what is a penis and what are its three parts?

A

male copulatory organ
base
shaft
glans penis

113
Q

what does the base of the penis do?

A

attached to the ischiocavernosus muscle

support the penis

114
Q

what does the shaft of the penis do?

A

main portion of the penis

in live stock it has an s-shape called the sigmoid flexure which allows the penis to retract back into the body

115
Q

when are retractor penis muscles contracted?

A

when the penis is flaccid

116
Q

what are the two erectile tissues in the shaft of the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

corpus cavernosum

117
Q

what does the corpus spongiosum do?

A

fills with blood and surrounds the urethra

118
Q

what does the corpus cavernosum do?

A

fills with blood and is on the outside of the spongiosum

119
Q

what is a urethralis?

A

striated muscle right around the pelvic urethra that contracts to move semen into the penile urethra

120
Q

what is the glans penis?

A

the very tips of the penis

full of sensory nerves

121
Q

what are the main types of stimulation that help initiate ejaculation?

A

temperature and pressure

122
Q

what does retroperitoneal positioning mean?

A

testes are up inside the body cavity

123
Q

what is a baculum?

A

bone inside the penis

124
Q

where does spermatogensis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

125
Q

what does spermatogensis contain?

A

spermatogonia
primary and secondary spermatocytes
spermatids

126
Q

what are some characteristics of mitosis?

A

somatic cells, beginning sex cell division
results in 2n daughter cells
5 stages total

127
Q

what are some characteristics of meiosis?

A

only sex cells
results in 1n daughter cells
9 stages total

128
Q

what are some characteristics of both mitosis and meiosis?

A

cell division types

5 initial stages

129
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase cytokinesis
130
Q

what are the 9 stages of meiosis?

A 
interphase
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
metaphase 2 
anaphase 2
telophase 2 + cytokinesis
131
Q

what is interphase?

A

the resting stage

132
Q

what is prophase?

A

condensing of DNA into chromosomes (duplicate DNA)

133
Q

what is metaphase?

A

DNA lines up in the middles of the cell

134
Q

what is anaphase?

A

DNA pulls apart to each side of cell

135
Q

what is telophase + cytokinesis?

A

cell membrane invaginates and splits

136
Q

what is considered to be meiosis 2?

A

metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2 + cytokinesis

137
Q

know the pathway of spermatogensis…..

A

look in notes 2/17/17

138
Q

what does spermiogensis include?

A

golgi phase
cap phase
acrosomal phase
maturation phase

139
Q

what is the golgi phase?

A

newly formed spermatid has a large golgi apparatus - which will produce the acrosome

140
Q

what is the cap phase?

A

acrosome has been developed and forms a distinct “cap” over the anterior portion of the nucleus uuuuuuuu

141
Q

what is the acrosomal phase?

A

acrosomal cap continues to spread and cover 2/3 of the nucleus

142
Q

what happens at the end of spermiogensis?

A

nucleus begins to elongate
manchette forms and eventually becomes the neck of the sperm
flagella begins to elongate

143
Q

what are the different enzymes that come with the acrosome?

A 
acrosin
hyaheronidase
zona lysine
ester ases
acid hydrolysis
144
Q

what for the enzymes of the acrosome do?

A

help the semen get throw the cumulus cells of the oocyte

145
Q

what is the maturation phase?

A

mitochondria migrate towards the middle piece

146
Q

what are spermatozoa?

A

sperm that is in the epididymis

Physiology of Reproduction (2 decks)

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