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Psych 100 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

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2
Q

Structure of Personality

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

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3
Q

Id

A
  • a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
  • strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires (impulses)
  • operates on the “pleasure principle”
  • seeks immediate gratification
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4
Q

SuperEgo

A

represents internalized ideas, provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

*the inhibitor
“moral compass”

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5
Q

Ego

A

the largely conscious “executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality.

Operates on “Reality principle” tries to relieve id’s wants in a realistic way

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6
Q

Freud’s 5 Stages of Personality Development

A

STAGE/FOCUS

Oral (0-18 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking biting, chewing

Anal (18-36 months)
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years)
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency(6 to puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Genital (puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests

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7
Q

How does the Oedipus Complex fit into the 5 psychosexual stages?

A

Freud believed that during the phallic stage, for example, boys seek genital stimulation, and they develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father whom they consider a rival. Freud called this collection of feelings the Oedipus complex after the greek legend of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.

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8
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Repression (inhibition)

  • keeping unacceptable thoughts from reaching consciousness
  • Master defense mechanism: we all use it

Denial
-refusal to accept the true source of anxiety

Projection
-attributing your own unacceptable feelings to another person

Displacement
-redirecting emotional feelings to another target
(dog&shoe)

Sublimation
-redirecting emotional feelings to a socially acceptable goal

Reaction formation
-do exact opposite of what you want to do

Rationalization
-creating excuses to justify inappropriate behavior

Regression
-acting in ways characteristic of an earlier stage of development

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9
Q

Karen Horney (post Freud)

A

Our primary drive is not just for sex or aggression, but for security

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10
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Our main drive is to fulfill, achieve our goals and purposes. Our ultimate goal is mastering our environment.

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11
Q

Carl Jung

A

-collective unconscious
>vast sea surrounding those individual icebergs. We share so much deep within us.

-archetype
>characters who pop up again and again in our stories, movies, books, fairytales

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12
Q

what is the role of the myth according to Carl Jung?

A

basically said that we encode things the way we do because of myths we carry inside us.

Encoding depends on schemas and scripts we carry within us.

we see the world through our myths.

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13
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

focused on the ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination, and self-realization.

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

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14
Q

The 3 conditions of GROWTH PROMOTING CLIMATE

A

Genuineness:
When people are genuine, they are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are transparent and self-disclosing

Acceptance:
When people are accepting, they offer unconditional positive regard, an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings. It is a profound relief to drop our pretenses, confess our worst feelings, and discover that we are still accepted.

Empathy:
When people are empathetic, they share and mirror other’s feelings and reflect their meanings.

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15
Q

MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

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16
Q

The Big Five Personality Factors (CANOE) (OCEAN)

A
  • Conscientiousness-if you think something should be done you’ll do it (responsibility)
  • Agreeableness (compliance)
  • Neuroticism-emotional stability versus instability
  • Openness - openness to experience on a continuum
  • Extraversion (assertiveness)
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17
Q

Why do psychologists say that The Big Five are valid while the Briggs test is not

A

Myers Briggs is not backed up by any research, yet it is one of the most commonly used methods of trait determination. BIG FIVE is backed up by research

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18
Q

The Big Five Personality Factors:

Heredity is about 50% for each trait

A

Disorganized Organized
Careless ←Conscientiousness→ Careful
Impulsive Disciplined

Ruthless Softhearted
Suspicious ←Agreeableness→ Trusting
Uncooperative Helpful

Calm Anxious
Secure ←Ne (emotional stability vs. instability) →Insecure
Self-satisfied Self-pitying

Practical Imaginative
Prefers routine ←Openness→ Prefers variety
Conforming Independent

Retiring Sociable
Sober ←Extraversion→ Fun loving
Reserved Affectionate

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19
Q

Person-Situation Controversy

A

controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person’s behavior. Personality trait psychologists believe that people have consistent personalities that guide their behaviors across situations.

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20
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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21
Q

Self- serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

(taking credit for success and less for failure) and self-esteem feed overconfidence, but most people are not confident

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22
Q

psychological disorder

A

patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful and dysfunctional.

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23
Q

What it means to be abnormal:

A

Statistically deviant
Maladaptive behavior
Violation of social norms
Personal distress

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24
Q

what aspects of behavior do we consider when trying to decide whether something is or is not a disorder?

A

To see the differences in culture and say something is “abnormal” is one thing, but when that abnormality or deviant behavior causes the person distress or harm, they can they be seen as disordered

25
Q

example of something that most would agree clearly is a disorder, and justify this using the aspects you just named above:

A

Major depression:
someone is upset after a traumatic event. not a disorder yet until they start to cut themselves, have suicidal thoughts, obvious behavior changes and A sad group of people may have similar characteristics as far as external observations go, but in order to be an actual harm or distress to themselves would be the excessive extreme behavior changes of sleep or weight change, lack of enjoyment, harmful thoughts, etc…

26
Q

how ADHD is slippery – is it a disorder?

How do we distinguish it from something similar that is not a disorder:

A

while it is a real disorder, it can also be confused with the rambunctiousness of being an adolescent. Why we can classify it as a disorder, however, is because it does cause harm in the person because it restricts their ability to focus and restrain impulses which can cause social problems later on in life.

27
Q

“Biopsychosocial Approach”

the interaction between what?

A

All behavior arises from interaction between nature vs nurture.

  • Nature (genetic and physiological factors)
  • Nurture (the pasts and present experiences)

Biological Influences

  • Evolution
  • Individual genes
  • Brain chemistry

Psychological influences

  • Stress
  • Trauma
  • Learned helplessness
  • Mood-related perceptions and memories

Social-cultural inflences

  • Roles
  • Expectations
  • Definitions of normality and disorder
28
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

DSM came about to provide names and treatments for disorders and to provide consistency across all diagnoses. It’s important because to study a disorder, we must have a name for it.

Diagnostic classification not only describes the disorder but also predicts its future course implies treatment and stimulates research into its causes.

29
Q

APA

A

American Psychiatric Association

30
Q

What’s the difference between a psychologist and a Psychiatrist?

A

Psychologist: PhD, cannot prescribe drugs
Psychiatrist: M.D went to medical school, can prescribe drugs

31
Q

What are the downsides of having labels to disorders?

A

Downside is that once we label a person, they’re viewed differently. Labels create preconceptions. It’s also harder to get jobs say if you’re released from a mental hospital or prison.

32
Q

What are the three big disorders?

A

Anxiety, Mood, Schizophrenia

33
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. (typically serotonin is the NT involved)

Generalized anxiety disorder-unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy (most common mental disorder; women (⅔ of GAD are women, lower educated, younger are at most risk)

Panic Disorder- a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread (later onset) (1/75)
Phobias- a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation (arachnophobia-fear of spiders, agoraphobia-fear of being in a place where escape is difficult)

Obsessive compulsive disorder- a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions (tourette’s syndrome, about 3% of pop. has it, no gender diffs.)

Post-traumatic stress disorder- a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event

34
Q

Mood Disorder (manic depressive-bipolar, and Major depressive)

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Major depressive disorder- 17% of Adults. Happens when the symptoms last for more than 2 weeks, and at least 5 are present

Mood is depressed most of the day
Interest or pleasure is missing in hobbies/ favorite activities
Appetite or weight goes way up or way down
Sleeping patterns change, become too much or too little
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (moving fast or slow)
Low energy
Worthlessness or feelings of guilt
thinking , concentrating, making decisions, etc… becomes difficult
Death thoughts, including suicide

Manic depressive disorder (bipolar disorder)- People with this have some chemical imbalances going on. The manic stages are a result of spikes both high and low of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Too much dopamine = Dr.Bill relation to cocaine
Too little is the crash
Irregular levels of serotonin result in the irregularity of mood
Decreased levels of Norepinephrine to help balance stresses

35
Q

Schizophrenia

A

1 in 100 people (60% men and more serious in men)
A state of psychosis (contrasts with neurosis)-loss of contact with reality “schiz”-split~a split with reality. A split mind.
Disorganized thinking, disturbed perception, and inappropriate emotions and actions

36
Q

What are the three big symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Disorganized thinking,
  • disturbed perception (hallucination), and
  • inappropriate emotions and actions
37
Q

Examples of disorganized thinking in schizophrenia

A

A type of breakdown in selective attention. Talking about being in a class because you are jesus and obviously the CIA is watching you

damaged schema

38
Q

Examples of Disturbed perception in schiz.

A

Disturbed perception (hallucinations): taste, smell, see, hear things that aren’t there

39
Q

Examples of Inappropriate emotions/actions in schiz

A

Inappropriate emotions/actions: not able to read the situation, laugh at death, cry at something funny, or even the “flat effect” where they have no reaction to something (the lack of something is also an indication “negative” symptom)

40
Q

psychosis (contrasts with neurosis)

A

loss of contact with reality

41
Q

Where does shizophrenia come from ?( Diathesis Stress Model)

A

usually emerges in adolescence

Prodromal-symptoms aren’t prominant
Active-symptoms are prominent triggered by stress
Residual-return to prodromal level of functioning.

42
Q

Prognosis

A

if continuous for 6 months…deterioration from baseline

43
Q

Brain abnormalities. Know which lobe and which neurotransmitter. (too much or too little?) Genetic – know the statistics on family relationships: fraternal & identical twin studies.

A

Genetic – know the statistics on family relationships: fraternal & identical twin studies.

Schizophrenia affects the frontal lobe, wherein there are too many dopamine receptors. This results in a dopamine overload which yields something similar to overdosing on amphetamines. Schizophrenics self medicate with cigarettes.

A schizophrenic brain has smaller frontal lobes and the ventricles are enlarged. (large ventricles means less neural tissue)

Causes of schizophrenia can be genetic or biological

44
Q

Risk factors for schiz.

A

Separation from parents, disruptive or withdrawn behavior

45
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Formerly called multiple personality disorder

46
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (psychopath, sociopath)

A

a personality disorder in which a person usually a man exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

47
Q

Protective factors for mental disorders

A 
Exercise
economic independence
Problem-solving skills
Literacy
Self-esteem
social / work skills
48
Q

ECT

A

electro convulsion therapy

49
Q

Depression: 9 Symptoms

A

Mood is depressed most of the day
Interest or pleasure is missing in hobbies/ favorite activities
Appetite or weight goes way up or way down
Sleeping patterns change, become too much or too little
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (moving fast or slow)
Low energy
Worthlessness or feelings of guilt
thinking , concentrating, making decisions, etc… becomes difficult
Death thoughts, including suicide

50
Q

psychological therapy

styles

A
  • Psychoanalytic….freud
  • Humanistic with a client-centered and sensitive
  • behaviorism-changing behavior smoking phobia
  • cognitive (most effective) 77%
51
Q

SSRIS

A

SSRI-> selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (antidepr.)
-prevents/reduces serotonin from leaving its receptors
doesnt affect other neurotransmitters so thats good

Prozac, Paxil, ZOloft

52
Q

Anti Anxiety drug

A

Valium, zanex. librium, tranquilizers, benzodiazepines

side effects; addicting, may cause depression

53
Q

Antidepressents

A

SSRis. good bc no effect on other neurotran.

trycyclics old and cheap,but nasty side effects bc attack nt’s on a broad spectrum

MAO monoamine oxidase-serotonin, norepi, dopamine

54
Q

drug therapy for bipolar

A

lithium. mood stabilizing

55
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia

A

A condition affecting the nervous system, often caused by long-term use of some psychiatric drugs.

56
Q

ECT

A

Electroconvulsive therapy. Helps “reset” the brain. Works roughly 50-60%. Also triggers seizure to occur. Used to treat patients with severe depression and for many it helps combat the symptoms of depression. There are serious side effects though. One of them being that it can be harder for one to lay down new memories.

57
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

58
Q

lobotomy

A

psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.

Procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain,

59
Q

Therapeutic lifestyle changes

A

aerobic exercise
adequate sleep
light exposure
social connection

Psych 100 (2 decks)

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