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Psych 100 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the goal of behaviorists

A

the prediction and control of behavior

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2
Q

Placebo Effect

A

thinking you are getting a treatment can relieve symptoms

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3
Q

whats the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

Theory- an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior or events

Hypothesis- a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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4
Q

Parietal cortex (lobe)

A

Perceives space and direction/ sensory information

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5
Q

Motor cortex (left side of central fissure)

A

Planning, control, and execution of movements

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6
Q

What was the first revolution of behaviorism against?

A

revolution against introspection

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7
Q

Correlational research

A

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to asses how well one variable predicts another.

done by collecting data on two or more variable with no manipulation

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8
Q

Prediction

A

way of exploring the world and testing a theory

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A
  • *Facts and experiences we can know and declare

* A and S focused on this

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10
Q

Independent Variable

A

can be varied independently of other factors

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11
Q

Epistemology

A

study of knowledge

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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13
Q

3 steps or stages of Memory

A
  1. Encoding- Getting info into brain
  2. Storing-Retaining the info
  3. Retrieving- getting info back out
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14
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to remember the first and last things on a list

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15
Q

Relearning

A

Learning something more quickly the second time

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16
Q

Brains Plasticity

A

the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

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17
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Cannot recall old memories

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18
Q

Why is a theory a good thing?

A
  1. Brings a lot of previously unrelated things together under one covering explanation.
  2. Makes Predictions
    - helps us discover entirely new things
    - can be proved wrong
  3. Helps us understand why
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19
Q

What are two neurotransmitters?

A

**Dopamine: influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

**Serotonin: influences mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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20
Q

Context dependent memory

A

**We remember things based on the context of the memory

Learning a word underwater would best be remembered underwater

Forgot to sharpen pencil when leaving room because no que like desk or book

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21
Q

Primary effect

A

We repeat the first thing the most times so we remember it

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22
Q

What did Empiricism argue about scholasticism?

A

-argued that scholasticism was wrong because there was no collection of data

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23
Q

Behaviorism

A 
BEHAVIORISM
Involved the study of observable behavior
Goals: Predict and Control
S-R psychology
Vary stimuli and watch what happens
Example:
** Pavlov
-studied dogs
-conditioned response where he would observe how learning happened.  (Bell and Food/ while measuring saliva)
  • *BF Skinner
  • studied pigeons
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24
Q

Recency effect

A

Most recent thing said so it is still in our STM

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25
Q

NOt the Stimulus that matters that causes the response…its the interpretation that matters

A

“not the lettuce”

Always the encoding that matters

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26
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids
*Peg system
visualizing things with the number
1 gun, 2 shoe, 3 tree

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27
Q

Introspection failed as a science, why??

A

science is based on empirical data collection

-data must be replicable, it wasn’t

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28
Q

Structuralism=introspectionalist

A
  • structure of consciousness

- understanding how things are structured and related to each other

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29
Q

how are correlational and experimental

research are complementary? The strengths of one are the weaknesses of the other.

A
  • Association does not prove causation
  • Correlation indicates possibility of cause-effect but does not prove
  • Experiments isolate cause-effect
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30
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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31
Q

Sympathetic nervous system vs Parasympathetic nerv

A

sympathetic-arouses and expands energy

Parasympathetic-conserves energy and calms

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32
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

“chemical messengers” transmit signal across synapse

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33
Q

The first revolution: Behaviorist

A

John Watson writes a paper

-the cause->introspection is a fail and waste of time

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34
Q

Memory construction errors

A

Use of words like smash, demolish, shatter, etc… make us think something was worse than it was

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35
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying items previously learned

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36
Q

Asymptote

A

The stuff we skip past because it is recalled the least

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37
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • *processes conscious memories
  • *Laying down and retrieving memories
  • *Weaves things together (associations)
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38
Q

what is the last part of frontal lobe to develop?

A

myelination

39
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. (these show brain function)

40
Q

Double-Blind

A

neither participants nor the researchers know which subjects are being experimented on (drug use )

41
Q

Amygdala

A

**linked to agression and fear, conveys emotion
**latin for almond
**rates what is important
**Interprets situation
When amygdala is activated it activates the hippocampus

42
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

43
Q

Dependent Variable

A

varies depending on what takes place during the experiment

44
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction. A naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

45
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Going back to old list

46
Q

Representative Sample

A

an accurate representation of the larger population (more samples the more representative it is)

47
Q

What are a few things that lead us to overestimate our intuition?

A

Hindsight bias, overconfidence and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events often lead us to overestimate our intuition

48
Q

Scholasticism

A

-aimed to derive new knowledge through clever argumentation based on well trusted original sources( the Bible)

-deductive reasoning
“If A and B are true, then C must also be true”
(All Men are Mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal)

49
Q

Random Sample

A

each subject chosen had an equal amount of probability to be chosen in the population

50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

like bark on a tree
**intricate fabric of inerconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

51
Q

Theory

A
  • explanation (with principles) that organize and predict behaviors or events
    - Not observable
    - Can be disproven
    - Cannot be proved true
52
Q

Synapse

A

a meeting point between two neurons

53
Q

EMPIRICISM -> “empirical” based on data collection

A

Argued that scholasticism was wrong because there was no collection of data
Included inductive reasoning - obtaining evidence and taking best guess for what happened
NO conclusions that are not based on facts
Facts must come from observations

54
Q

BRAINSTEM: Pons vs Medulla

A

**Pons; helps coordinates movement

**Medulla: controls breathing and heartbeat

55
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • *brain and spinal chord

* *body’s decision maker

56
Q

WILLIAM JAMES (“The greatest psychologist” -Dr. Bill)

A

Harvard, late 1800s
Invented a world of psychology
His observations live on today
Distinction between primary & secondary memory
Pointed out that recall involves both storage and retrieval (both necessary)
Retrieval is the spread of excitation along association paths in the brain

57
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • a testable prediction of that theory (what should be observed)
    * Cannot be proven, but rather accepted as true or false
58
Q

Priming

A

The activation of particular associations in memory

pronounce s-h-o-p …..what do you do at a green light

59
Q

Distributed practice (vs. what?)

A

Massed practice, which is not helpful

We encode things better when spaced over time

60
Q

What is the mind killer? How do we defeat it?

A

Fear is the mind killer. We defeat it through preparation and practice

61
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

**the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

**is responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS decisions.

62
Q

Empiricism

A

-based on inductive reasoning-> obtaining data and taking best guess for what happened.

  • NO conclusions that aren’t based on facts
  • All facts must come from observations
  • “empirical”->collection of data

Led to the scientific method

63
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving info that is not currently in conscious

64
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it

example: romance and seperation
psychologist told one half a group one thing and the other half another….

  1. separation weakens romantic attraction (true)
  2. separation strengthens romantic attraction (true)

most people found both results unsurprising, as if they would have expected those results and that was something that they already knew

the research comes from UofO

65
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Earlier lists make future lists more difficult

66
Q

Brocas and Wernickes

A

located on left side of brain

Broca's = speaking language
Wernickes= receiving language
67
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Exposed to misleading info causes us to misremember

68
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention independent of consciousness recollection (riding a bike, song)

69
Q

FRANCIS BACON

A

1st Scientist
Proposed the idea to exam/collect data to come to conclusions rather than make assumptions based on no data
Induction rather than deduction
Ex. (“why not examine the mouth of yon horse?”)

70
Q

Laws vs. Theories

A

Laws are observable

Theories are not observable

71
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Receiving and interpreting sensory information

72
Q

Capacity of STM (or WM)

A

18 seconds

*Can hold +/- 7 “chunks” of information

73
Q

Stephen Samuels and George McCabe (1989)

A

Evelyn Marie Adams won the New Jersey lottery twice (odds are 1 in 17 trillion).

Predicted that it was a sure thing that someone would hit the jackpot twice

74
Q

The Scientific Method

A 
Hypothesis
Theory
Data
Deduction->based on theory
Induction->prediction
75
Q

Experimental research

A

to explore cause and effect

done by manipulating one or more factors; use random assignment

76
Q

Working Memory

A

The working memory can be equated to the Atkinson and Schiffrin “STM”, however, as working memory, it is also dependent on the depth of processing to be transferred into secondary

Chunks of +/- 7

77
Q

Another revolution was that of ???

A

Cognitive Psych

1932, story of tinkelpaughs monkey

78
Q

Aristotle vs Plato on the Mind

A

PLATO

  • knowledge is innate
  • everything we know, we’re in fact remembering
  • (example: socrates gets slave boy to confirm the pythagorean theorem)

ARISTOTLE

  • “empiricism”-> knowledge is acquired from outside sources/ from experiences
  • mind is like wax, on which concepts are imprinted
  • the mind is all concepts and associations

BOTH AGREED ON
-knowledge is a matter of concepts in the mind

79
Q

State dependent memory

A

Things learned in one state (angry, happy, drunk, etc….) are more easily remembered when in that state again

80
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

First psychologist

  • started the first psych lab in leipzig germany
  • measure the atoms of the mind-speed of mental processes
81
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Wundts grad student
founded first psych lab: cornell
interested in sensation and perception
this started introspection

82
Q

Axon and neuron firing ? process of depolarization

A

Axon is made of Na and is depolarized when a neuron is excited and a K is sent through to allow correct neurotransmitter release
Can be myelinated to allow faster K travel down axon

83
Q

SCHOLASTICISM

A

Aim was to derive knowledge based on clever argumentation and well trusted sources. (sources like the Bible)
(ex. Can a lion breath water?)
Included deductive reasoning- if A and B are true, C also has to be true
(ex. “All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, so that means socrates is also mortal.”)

84
Q

Overconfidence

A

We tend to think we know more than we do.

Richard Goranson (1978)
_asked people to unscramble anagrams.
_we knew the answers so we can come up with the answer in ten seconds, but it really takes 3 mins

Philip Telock (1998, 2005)
collected 27,000 expert predictions of world events
80 percent confidence caused them to get less than 40% right. and when they got it wrong, they maintained their confidence by saying they were almost right
85
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Cannot lay down new memories

86
Q

William James

A

Greatest Psychologist
-made the distinction between primary and secondary memory

-pointed out that recall involves storage and retrieaval

87
Q

Francis Bacon

A

-1st Scientist

-proposed the idea to collect and analyze data rather than just make assumptions
(“why not examine the mouth of yon horse?”)

88
Q

What does it consist of : Limbic System?

A

hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala

89
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons, muscles or glands.

90
Q

What helps the process of myelination?

A

It takes effort..

sleep and nutrition

91
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

92
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; and enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

93
Q

Levels of processing

A

The deeper/ more meaningful the processing, the better our retention

94
Q

Operative

A

subject has to do some kind of operation

Psych 100 (2 decks)

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