Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the term for parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, and whose word is law? Authoritative Involved Authoritarian Permissive
Authoritarian
When discussing the reliability of memories, the memory of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is considered the most vulnerable to suggestion and therefore the least reliable. senior citizen adult school-age child preschool-age child
preschool-age child
What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female? Sexual identity Individualistic orientation Gender schema Gender identity
Gender identity
Which preschooler is most likely to die of injuries? A boy in the suburbs A boy in the inner city A girl in a small town A girl growing up on a farm
A boy in the inner city
Meredith’s five-year-old friends at the playground run around from the rides to the slides, but Meredith’s mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move elsewhere in the playground. When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted, her mother told her to stay on the swings “because I said so.” This is an example of __________ parenting.
involved
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
authoritarian
Isabelle lives in a household in which her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Isabelle goes to school with dirty clothes and no breakfast. What type of parents does Isabelle likely have?
Uninvolved
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Uninvolved
What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring others?
Symbolic functioning
Language acquisition
Centration
Concrete operations
Centration
What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells?
Reticular formation
Corpus callosum
Myelin
Cerebellum
Myelin
Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called __________.
conservation
centration
intuitive thought
egocentric thought
egocentric thought
Marion and her husband Bill are trying to bring up their children, a boy and a girl ages four and five respectively, in exactly the same way: encouraging their son to demonstrate both assertiveness and tenderness, and encouraging their daughter to exhibit both independence and empathy. According to the researcher Sandra Bem, these parents are encouraging their children toward __________.
gender constancy
gender schema
androgynous characteristics
gender identification
androgynous characteristics
What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children?
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Involved
Permissive
Permissive
What is the term for a person’s set of beliefs about what he or she is like as an individual?
Individualistic orientation
Self-concept
Psychosocial development
Ego
Self-concept
According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent? schema script zone of proximal development scaffolding
zone of proximal development
In the playground, Amanda calls Janey names, refuses to include her in a game of hopscotch, and makes fun of her. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ aggression. relational emotional regulated instrumental
relational
What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other? Cross-referencing Lateralization Hemispheric transference Transmission
Lateralization
Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems? B.F. Skinner Jean Piaget John Watson Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky
In its most extreme form, __________ parenting results in neglect.
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
uninvolved
What is the term for parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, and try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way but at the same time providing love and support? Authoritarian Permissive Involved Authoritative
Authoritative
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. egocentric speech syntax fast mapping private speech
private speech
According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational thought?
Symbolic function
Organized, formal, logical mental processes
Increased memory for objects
Increased fine motor skill development
Symbolic function
Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher uses open, friendly questions to build rapport with him. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendel responds, “I can run fast” and “I like to eat pizza.” Wendel’s responses are examples of his __________.
individualistic orientation
autonomy
self-concept
psychosocial development
self-concept
Preschoolers’ memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order in which they occurred, called __________.
autobiographical memory
biographical memory
scripts
schema
scripts
What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent, rejecting behavior(s)?
Permissive
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Uninvolved
What was Piaget’s explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation?
Their neural-visual network is not fully matured.
They have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to know the difference between quantities.
Their tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation.
They have not yet developed numerical understanding; therefore, different amounts are meaningless.
Their tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation.
Preschool-age children do not have strict expectations and do not follow stereotypes when it comes to gender-appropriate behaviors.
True
False
False
Four-year-old Johnny is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours milk in the children's glasses, she finds there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister. Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. reversibility conservation concrete operational thought preoperational thought
conservation
The prevalence of obesity in older preschool children has decreased dramatically in the past 20 years.
True
False
False
When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. egocentric speech pragmatics social speech fast mapping
pragmatics
By the end of the preschool period, the brain structure called the __________ becomes considerably thicker, with individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.
cerebral cortex
frontal lobe
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
corpus callosum
Maurice is a child of authoritative parents. He is likely to grow up exhibiting all of the following characteristics EXCEPT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. self-assertiveness withdrawn behavior and low social skills motivation to achieve likable and cooperative behavior
withdrawn behavior and low social skills
Because the rate of Alex’s growth during his preschool years is __________ than during infancy, Alex needs __________ food to maintain his growth.
slower; less
faster; more
slower; more
faster; less
slower; less
Which of the following is the best description of Piaget’s symbolic function?
The child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean something.
The child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.
The child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes.
The child is able to use his/her imagination.
The child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.
On the question of how to discipline children, many developmentalists recommend all the following EXCEPT __________.
using time-out for punishment
spanking only occasionally
using routines such as bath time to avoid conflict
tailoring the disciplinary technique to the individual child
spanking only occasionally
__________ is the awareness that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.
Gender schema
Gender constancy
Gender identity
Sexual identity
Gender constancy
Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. intuitive thought egocentric thought centration conservation
egocentric thought
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. Concrete operations Conservation Centration Preoperational operations
Conservation
Larry was daydreaming the day that his first grade teacher reviewed the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10. Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, probably because he \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. did not use adequate mnemonics never encoded it never rehearsed it never visualized it
never encoded it
Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Tina’s views of herself are based on __________.
her physical skills
psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract
desire to be popular with her friends
external activities relying on motor skills
psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract
If a preschool child thinks largely in an egocentric manner, then from Piaget's perspective we would say that the child is in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage. concrete operational decentering abstract operational preoperational
preoperational
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process by which parents and children jointly control children's behavior. Self-care Social competence Coregulation Adolescence
Coregulation
Body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average of a person of a given age and height is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. overnutrition undernutrition average obesity
obesity
When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. rehearsal listening visualization encoding
encoding
When non-English-speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. bilingualism bilingual education pragmatics metalinguistics
bilingual education
Seven-year-old Alice is working with clay in art class, and she rolls a round ball of clay between her hands until it becomes a long rope. However, she decides that she does not want the rope of clay, but would prefer that the clay be in the shape of a ball again. Alice knows that this is possible. Piaget would say that Alice is demonstrating the knowledge of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. formation decentering reversibility conservation
reversibility
The latest research regarding children raised in lesbian and gay households suggests __________.
children develop similarly to children of heterosexual families and are equally well-adjusted
most children demonstrate significant adjustment problems
children raised in gay or lesbian households have more significant learning problems
children raised in gay and lesbian households have gender identity issues
children develop similarly to children of heterosexual families and are equally well-adjusted
Which of the following is NOT a fine motor skill? Typing on a keyboard Writing in cursive with a pen Jumping rope Tying shoes
Jumping rope
Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. one to two years three months to three years six months to two years three to six years
six months to two years
When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. rehearsal listening visualization encoding
encoding
Who is the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success in constructing an intelligence test that continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student's ability to be successful in school? Freud Binet Skinner Watson
Binet
What is the term for the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation? Concrete operational Abstract operational Preoperational Decentering
Decentering
What is the term for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student's mental and chronological age? Standard age Chronological/physical age Intelligence quotient Mental age
Intelligence quotient
Which of the following activities is considered a gross motor activity? Coloring "inside the lines" Tying a shoelace Zipping up a jacket Throwing a baseball
Throwing a baseball
What is the term for the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation? Concrete operational Abstract operational Preoperational Decentering
Decentering
During the middle-school years, all of the following occur EXCEPT __________.
children spend less time with their parents
parents still remain the major influence in their children’s lives
siblings have an important influence, both good and bad, on children
peer relationships are more influential than family relationships
peer relationships are more influential than family relationships
What is the term that refers to the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic? Concrete operational Decentering Abstract operational Preoperational
Concrete operational
What is Vygotsky's term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task? Metamemory Transference Zone of proximal development Theory of mind
Zone of proximal development
Concrete operational thought involves applying \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to concrete problems. dichotomous reasoning intuition or hunches logical operations abstract concepts
logical operations
The research presented in the video illustrates that all of the following factors affect the accuracy of children’s eyewitness memory EXCEPT __________.
A.
asking children to report everything they remember about an event
B.
repeatedly questioning children about an event
C.
asking leading or suggestive questions
D.
using anatomically correct dolls to help children talk about traumatic events
asking children to report everything they remember about an event
Taken together, the results of the studies highlighted in the video demonstrate that children’s eyewitness memory
A.
is generally accurate and reliable.
B.
is generally accurate, as long as children are interviewed multiple times.
C.
is always inaccurate and wrought with errors.
D.
can be influenced by many factors and thus, is often fallible.
D.
can be influenced by many factors and thus, is often fallible.
The study by Maggie Bruck demonstrated that the use of anatomically correct dolls
A.
does not affect the accuracy of children’s eyewitness memory.
B.
increases the accuracy and reliability of children’s memories.
C.
decreases the accuracy and reliability of children’s memories.
D.
sometimes increases and other times decreases the accuracy of children’s memory, depending on the situation.
C.
decreases the accuracy and reliability of children’s memories.
The results of the “Sam Stone” study showed that children who were asked leading questions about Sam Stone’s visit to the classroom
A.
produced more errors or distortions in their memories for the event.
B.
resisted the suggestions and had more accurate memories.
C.
did not differ in their memories for the event compared to children who were asked non-leading questions.
D.
none of the above
A.
produced more errors or distortions in their memories for the event.
Kelly Michaels, the woman interviewed in the video, was accused of molesting \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. her children B. her nieces and nephews C. her preschool students D. neighborhood children
C.
her preschool students
A child is playing hide-and-seek and puts a toy in front of her face. She thinks no on can see her because she cannot see past the toy. This example BEST illustrates which of Piaget's concepts? C. egocentrism A. centration B. conservation C. egocentrism D. animism
C.
egocentrism
Gender \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflect behaviors, whereas gender \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflect beliefs. A. differences; identities B. identities; differences C. stereotypes; roles D. roles; stereotypes
D.
roles; stereotypes
The fact that males are typically broader at the shoulders and females tend to be wider at the hips reflects a gender difference. A. True B. False
B.
False
Changes in the concrete operational child’s thinking include all of the following EXCEPT
A.
the ability to conserve.
B.
the ability to think and reason abstractly.
C.
understanding the concept of reversibility.
D.
the ability to take into account multiple aspects of a situation.
B.
the ability to think and reason abstractly.
Preoperational children's inability to conserve is based on their tendency toward \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and their lack of understanding of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. egocentrism; operations B. egocentrism; reversibility C. centration; operations D. centration; reversibility
D.
centration; reversibility
John expects his kids to be seen, but not heard and to treat his word as the law. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles does John display? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive-indulgent D. permissive-uninvolved/neglectful
B.
authoritarian
Children who are independent, self-assertive, and socially competent have parents who most likely adopted which parenting style? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive-indulgent D. permissive-uninvolved/neglectful
A.
authoritative
Judy DeLoache's "Snoopy" study showed that most 2.5-year-old children can not think of a scale model of a room as a symbol of a life-size room. A. True B. False
A.
True
Nicole is dipping ice cream for her children. Each child gets two scoops, however she ran out of bowls and had to use a larger bowl for the older child’s ice cream. Her 4-year-old
A.
got very upset thinking that the older child got more ice cream.
B.
got very upset because she wanted chocolate ice cream not vanilla.
C.
understood that she got the same amount of ice cream, it was just in a different bowl.
D.
none of the above
A.
got very upset thinking that the older child got more ice cream.
According to Piaget, the concrete operational child
A.
does not take multiple aspects of the situation into account.
B.
cannot reverse mental operations.
C.
displays egocentric thinking.
D.
thinks in a way that is limited to the tangible.
D.
thinks in a way that is limited to the tangible.
Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of the information-processing perspective? A. encoding B. conservation C. maintenance of information D. accessing information
B.
conservation
