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Human Factors Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

constantly interpreting stimuli including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, taste

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2
Q

color perception

A

determined by the wavelength of light reflected from or emitted by an object

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3
Q

hue

A

variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, orange, etc.

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4
Q

saturation

A

apparent purity, vividness, or richness of color

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5
Q

lightness

A

dark to light- perceived as the “brightness” of the color

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6
Q

trichromatic theory

A

any hue can be matched with a combination of three primary colors
-there are three types of photoreceptors which correspond to blue, green and red that determine our color perception

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7
Q

tetrachromats

A

a fourth color that is the UV range that birds and insects can see

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8
Q

colorblindness

A

either have two types of cones and are entirely missing the function of the thid or they have two types of cones that work normally and one type that works more weakly

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9
Q

opponent process theory

A

color perception is controlled by the activity of two systems (blue-yellow and red-green)

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10
Q

visual acuity

A

represents the clearness or sharpness of vision

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11
Q

contract sensitivity

A

represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image

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12
Q

perceptual organization

A

process by which we figure out the relationships among potentially separate stimulus elements

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13
Q

Gestalt

A

essence or shape of an entity’s complete form

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14
Q

proximity

A

elements close together are perceived as a group

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15
Q

similarity

A

similar elements in terms of color, form or orientation are perceived together

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16
Q

continuity

A

points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines are perceived together

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17
Q

closure

A

open curves are perceived as complete forms

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18
Q

common fate

A

elements moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as together

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19
Q

artificially induced grouping

A

common region and connectedness

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20
Q

common region

A

an explicit boundary that groups things

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21
Q

connectedness

A

explicit lines that group things

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22
Q

depth perception

A

cues are provided proprioceptively

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23
Q

proprioception

A

ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned

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24
Q

accomodation

A

automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina

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25
Q

vergence

A

degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object

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26
Q

interposition

A

states nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision

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27
Q

monocular or pictorial cues

A

cues that come from a static image and works with one and two in the same way

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28
Q

familiar size cue

A

cue that we are familiar with how big an object is supposed to be

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29
Q

relative size cues

A

cues of objects we are not familiar with how big its supposed to be but there are multiple objects in different sizes so you can compare them to each other and guess

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30
Q

perspective

A

angles change depending on how far they are from you (i.e. 3 point perspective)

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31
Q

motion parallax

A

apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight

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32
Q

binocular depth cues

A

cues that can only be perceived with two eyes

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33
Q

binocular disparity

A

each eye receives a slightly different image of the world because of the eye’s location

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34
Q

size and shape constancy

A

we tend to see objects as the same size despite how large the image is on our retina

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35
Q

visual illusions

A

inaccurate perception of depth, displacement of contours or inaccurate eye movements

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36
Q

auditory signals

A

detected and perceived regardless of where they are located relative to a person

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37
Q

auditory signals are more ___ than visual signals

A

attention demanding

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38
Q

psychological magnitude of sound

A

scale used for measuring perceived loudness (intensity)

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39
Q

loudness

A

intensity of sound

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40
Q

longer sounds

A

perceived as louder than shorter sounds

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41
Q

continuously presented sounds

A

we hear this and the loudness diminishes

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42
Q

bandwidth

A

the range of frequencies in a sound

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43
Q

sound is audible by itself but is not in the presence of other sounds is ____

A

masked

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44
Q

as this increases, stimulus intensity must increase to be detected

A

mask intensity

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45
Q

the largest masking effect happens when the ___ & ___ are the same or similar frequencies

A

stimulus and mask

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46
Q

it is easier to detect over the mask if ___

A

stimulus is lower frequency

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47
Q

is is harder to detect over the mask if ___

A

stimulus is higher frequency

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48
Q

individual differences in hearing

A

there is more variability in hearing than the ability to see and audible ranges decrease throughout the lifetime

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49
Q

the older you get, the harder it is to hear____

A

higher pitched noises

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50
Q

higher-level properties

A

just like with vision, we must construct our perception of auditory signals- we figure out which sounds belong together, etc.

51
Q

perceptual organization

A

we figure out which sounds belong together or apart, figure out the location of sounds in space, and perceive and comprehend complex auditory patterns like speech even in noisy environments

52
Q

proximity

A

sounds closer together are perceived as together

53
Q

temporal proximity

A

time between parts of a sound helps you assume that they are not part of the same source

54
Q

spatial proximity

A

locating sounds in space and if they are close they are more likely to be perceived as same source

55
Q

we group sounds with ___ together

A

similar pitches

-similarity

56
Q

sound localization

A

the ability to locate sounds in space

57
Q

we are good at determining sound location on a ___ level

A

horizontal

58
Q

____ at each ear varies as the location of the sound moves

A

relative intensity

59
Q

___ are caused by the sound shadow (something on left side would be as intense in right ear)

A

differences in intensity

60
Q

the pinna causes slight distortions in sounds to ____

A

differentiate sounds in the front from the back

61
Q

____ provide dynamic changes that allow a sound to be localized more accurately

A

head movements

62
Q

____ is the most common error when localizing between front and back sounds

A

head movement restriction

63
Q

anything that ___ intensity of the sound, ___ the localization accuracy

A

decreases

decreases

64
Q

vertical sound localization

A

less accurate because it cannot be based on interaural differences
-relies on intensity of the sound and reflections of sound waves from nearby objects

65
Q

somesthetic system

A

detects facts of the environment that you can physically feel- includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain and proprioception

66
Q

sensory system

A

most of the receptors are in the skin

67
Q

proprioception feedback

A

fundamental in coordination and control of bodily movement

68
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processing area of the brain for the touch signals

69
Q

____ for touch are the smallest amount of touch that is detected, these vary across the body

A

absolute threshold

70
Q

lowest absolute touch threshold is on the ___

A

face

71
Q

two-point threshold

A

obtained by asking participants if they can determine the distance between two stimuli on their skin, when they are perceived as one stimuli then they are below this

72
Q

lowest two-point threshold is on the ___

A

fingers

73
Q

absolute threshold

A

can tell us the amount/magnitude of touch required for someone to detect it

74
Q

perception of touch

A

not as sensitive as vision and is used to provide extra feedback in systems

75
Q

perception of temperature

A

sensitivity has an almost perfect temporal and spatial summation over large areas- we are not accurate at locating hot and cold stimuli on our bodies

76
Q

perception of pain

A

signals risk of physical harm if the conditions persist for any length of time, areas across the body, shows little temporal or spatial summation, and it shows adaptation during probing stimulation

77
Q

taste

A

the stimulus is molecules of substances dissolved in our saliva

78
Q

smell

A

the stimulus is molecules of substances that reach the nose

79
Q

psychological processes

A

both vision and audition are these and are constructed around cues

80
Q

designing displays

A

insure the safe and effective operation of the same, important in both complex and simple situations, and should take into account principles from human perception

81
Q

3 questions for designing displays

A

what sensory modality is best?
how much info is required?
how should that information be coded?

82
Q

use this if the message is simple, short, will not be referred to later, deals with events in time, calls for immediate action, etc.

A

auditory presentation

83
Q

use this when the message is complex, long, will be referred to later, deals with location in space, does not call for immediate action, etc.

A

visual presentation

84
Q

modality

A

visual display or auditory displays based on the intended message

85
Q

conspicuity

A

how well the display attracts attention

86
Q

how well the displays can be seen

A

visibility

87
Q

visual displays

A

determined by factors like the placement of a display, how well it attracts attention and the environmental conditions

88
Q

alphanumeric displays

A

any display that uses words, letters, or numbers to convey information
-includes information about consequences if ignored (often has visuals)

89
Q

legibility

A

the ease with which the symbols and letters present in the display can be discerned
-how easy it is to distinguish individual letters/symbols so that they can be recognized

90
Q

legibility for images on computer displays are affected by the ____

A

pixel density

91
Q

contract

A

determined by the amount of light reflected by the figures and their background

92
Q

legibility distance

A

distance at which a person can read the display

93
Q

____ increased legibility distance

A

good contrast

94
Q

readability

A

concerns larger groups of characters (words, sentences, etc.) in which comprehension of the material is a consideration

95
Q

legibility relates to the way text ___, while readability relates to its ____

A

looks

content

96
Q

warning signs

A

emphasis on important words to make more efficient, standardized words, symbols, colors and locations

97
Q

maintainability

A

display should have this and be constructed of appropriate material for the environment

98
Q

symbolic displays

A

used to convey information by using an image, typically concrete objects that can easily be drawn, good for overcoming language barriers

99
Q

the speed and accuracy with which people can identify symbolic displays are influenced by ____

A

gestalt organizational principles

100
Q

coding dimensions

A

arbitrary features can be coded to represent different concepts

101
Q

appropriateness of coding dimension depends on the ___ or ___

A

task or situation

102
Q

color coding

A

can help user find the element of the display they are looking for by allowing people to focus on one thing because they can ignore the other colors
-can help distinguish between levels of information

103
Q

combination code (redundant coding)

A

used to maximize discrimination ability between displays; using more than one type of coding in a display

104
Q

static displays

A

fixed displays that do not change (road signs)

105
Q

dynamic displays

A

displays that change over time (speedometer)

106
Q

displays with changeable messages like amber alerts

A

in between static and dynamic displays

107
Q

analog displays

A

have a continuous scale and a pointer

108
Q

digital displays

A

present information in an alphanumeric display

109
Q

pro of a digital display

A

conveys exact numerical values well

110
Q

cons of a digital display

A

difficult to read when measurements are changing rapidly and its harder to see trends in the measurements

111
Q

pro of an analog display

A

convey spatial information and trends efficiently

112
Q

cons for an analog display

A

do not provide precise values

113
Q

display arrangement

A

important when there are many dials or signal lights

114
Q

frequency of use

A

the most frequently used and important displays are close to the line of sight under normal viewing conditions

115
Q

sequence of use

A

the order in which the displays are used

116
Q

head-up displays (HUD)

A

displays that superimpose display elements over the “real world”
-allows a user to see additional information while still maintaining their usual viewpoint

117
Q

helmet-mounted displays

A

mounted so that they travel with the user

118
Q

advisories

A

evokes general awareness of a marginal condition

119
Q

cautions

A

evokes immediate attention and requires relatively rapid response

120
Q

warnings

A

evokes immediate attention and require an immediate response

121
Q

auditory displays

A

used to convey simple information

122
Q

auditory icons

A

representational, everyday sounds with stereotypical meanings (police siren)

123
Q

earcons

A

brief, recognizable sequences of tones to provide information (text signal)

124
Q

speech displays

A

used to transmit slightly more complicated information

Human Factors Psych (2 decks)

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