Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
perception
A
constantly interpreting stimuli including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, taste
2
Q
color perception
A
determined by the wavelength of light reflected from or emitted by an object
3
Q
hue
A
variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, orange, etc.
4
Q
saturation
A
apparent purity, vividness, or richness of color
5
Q
lightness
A
dark to light- perceived as the “brightness” of the color
6
Q
trichromatic theory
A
any hue can be matched with a combination of three primary colors
-there are three types of photoreceptors which correspond to blue, green and red that determine our color perception
7
Q
tetrachromats
A
a fourth color that is the UV range that birds and insects can see
8
Q
colorblindness
A
either have two types of cones and are entirely missing the function of the thid or they have two types of cones that work normally and one type that works more weakly
9
Q
opponent process theory
A
color perception is controlled by the activity of two systems (blue-yellow and red-green)
10
Q
visual acuity
A
represents the clearness or sharpness of vision
11
Q
contract sensitivity
A
represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image
12
Q
perceptual organization
A
process by which we figure out the relationships among potentially separate stimulus elements
13
Q
Gestalt
A
essence or shape of an entity’s complete form
14
Q
proximity
A
elements close together are perceived as a group
15
Q
similarity
A
similar elements in terms of color, form or orientation are perceived together
16
Q
continuity
A
points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines are perceived together
17
Q
closure
A
open curves are perceived as complete forms
18
Q
common fate
A
elements moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as together
19
Q
artificially induced grouping
A
common region and connectedness
20
Q
common region
A
an explicit boundary that groups things
21
Q
connectedness
A
explicit lines that group things
22
Q
depth perception
A
cues are provided proprioceptively
23
Q
proprioception
A
ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned
24
Q
accomodation
A
automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina
25
vergence
degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object
26
interposition
states nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision
27
monocular or pictorial cues
cues that come from a static image and works with one and two in the same way
28
familiar size cue
cue that we are familiar with how big an object is supposed to be
29
relative size cues
cues of objects we are not familiar with how big its supposed to be but there are multiple objects in different sizes so you can compare them to each other and guess
30
perspective
angles change depending on how far they are from you (i.e. 3 point perspective)
31
motion parallax
apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight
32
binocular depth cues
cues that can only be perceived with two eyes
33
binocular disparity
each eye receives a slightly different image of the world because of the eye's location
34
size and shape constancy
we tend to see objects as the same size despite how large the image is on our retina
35
visual illusions
inaccurate perception of depth, displacement of contours or inaccurate eye movements
36
auditory signals
detected and perceived regardless of where they are located relative to a person
37
auditory signals are more ___ than visual signals
attention demanding
38
psychological magnitude of sound
scale used for measuring perceived loudness (intensity)
39
loudness
intensity of sound
40
longer sounds
perceived as louder than shorter sounds
41
continuously presented sounds
we hear this and the loudness diminishes
42
bandwidth
the range of frequencies in a sound
43
sound is audible by itself but is not in the presence of other sounds is ____
masked
44
as this increases, stimulus intensity must increase to be detected
mask intensity
45
the largest masking effect happens when the ___ & ___ are the same or similar frequencies
stimulus and mask
46
it is easier to detect over the mask if ___
stimulus is lower frequency
47
is is harder to detect over the mask if ___
stimulus is higher frequency
48
individual differences in hearing
there is more variability in hearing than the ability to see and audible ranges decrease throughout the lifetime
49
the older you get, the harder it is to hear____
higher pitched noises
50
higher-level properties
just like with vision, we must construct our perception of auditory signals- we figure out which sounds belong together, etc.
51
perceptual organization
we figure out which sounds belong together or apart, figure out the location of sounds in space, and perceive and comprehend complex auditory patterns like speech even in noisy environments
52
proximity
sounds closer together are perceived as together
53
temporal proximity
time between parts of a sound helps you assume that they are not part of the same source
54
spatial proximity
locating sounds in space and if they are close they are more likely to be perceived as same source
55
we group sounds with ___ together
similar pitches
| -similarity
56
sound localization
the ability to locate sounds in space
57
we are good at determining sound location on a ___ level
horizontal
58
____ at each ear varies as the location of the sound moves
relative intensity
59
___ are caused by the sound shadow (something on left side would be as intense in right ear)
differences in intensity
60
the pinna causes slight distortions in sounds to ____
differentiate sounds in the front from the back
61
____ provide dynamic changes that allow a sound to be localized more accurately
head movements
62
____ is the most common error when localizing between front and back sounds
head movement restriction
63
anything that ___ intensity of the sound, ___ the localization accuracy
decreases
| decreases
64
vertical sound localization
less accurate because it cannot be based on interaural differences
-relies on intensity of the sound and reflections of sound waves from nearby objects
65
somesthetic system
detects facts of the environment that you can physically feel- includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain and proprioception
66
sensory system
most of the receptors are in the skin
67
proprioception feedback
fundamental in coordination and control of bodily movement
68
somatosensory cortex
processing area of the brain for the touch signals
69
____ for touch are the smallest amount of touch that is detected, these vary across the body
absolute threshold
70
lowest absolute touch threshold is on the ___
face
71
two-point threshold
obtained by asking participants if they can determine the distance between two stimuli on their skin, when they are perceived as one stimuli then they are below this
72
lowest two-point threshold is on the ___
fingers
73
absolute threshold
can tell us the amount/magnitude of touch required for someone to detect it
74
perception of touch
not as sensitive as vision and is used to provide extra feedback in systems
75
perception of temperature
sensitivity has an almost perfect temporal and spatial summation over large areas- we are not accurate at locating hot and cold stimuli on our bodies
76
perception of pain
signals risk of physical harm if the conditions persist for any length of time, areas across the body, shows little temporal or spatial summation, and it shows adaptation during probing stimulation
77
taste
the stimulus is molecules of substances dissolved in our saliva
78
smell
the stimulus is molecules of substances that reach the nose
79
psychological processes
both vision and audition are these and are constructed around cues
80
designing displays
insure the safe and effective operation of the same, important in both complex and simple situations, and should take into account principles from human perception
81
3 questions for designing displays
what sensory modality is best?
how much info is required?
how should that information be coded?
82
use this if the message is simple, short, will not be referred to later, deals with events in time, calls for immediate action, etc.
auditory presentation
83
use this when the message is complex, long, will be referred to later, deals with location in space, does not call for immediate action, etc.
visual presentation
84
modality
visual display or auditory displays based on the intended message
85
conspicuity
how well the display attracts attention
86
how well the displays can be seen
visibility
87
visual displays
determined by factors like the placement of a display, how well it attracts attention and the environmental conditions
88
alphanumeric displays
any display that uses words, letters, or numbers to convey information
-includes information about consequences if ignored (often has visuals)
89
legibility
the ease with which the symbols and letters present in the display can be discerned
-how easy it is to distinguish individual letters/symbols so that they can be recognized
90
legibility for images on computer displays are affected by the ____
pixel density
91
contract
determined by the amount of light reflected by the figures and their background
92
legibility distance
distance at which a person can read the display
93
____ increased legibility distance
good contrast
94
readability
concerns larger groups of characters (words, sentences, etc.) in which comprehension of the material is a consideration
95
legibility relates to the way text ___, while readability relates to its ____
looks
| content
96
warning signs
emphasis on important words to make more efficient, standardized words, symbols, colors and locations
97
maintainability
display should have this and be constructed of appropriate material for the environment
98
symbolic displays
used to convey information by using an image, typically concrete objects that can easily be drawn, good for overcoming language barriers
99
the speed and accuracy with which people can identify symbolic displays are influenced by ____
gestalt organizational principles
100
coding dimensions
arbitrary features can be coded to represent different concepts
101
appropriateness of coding dimension depends on the ___ or ___
task or situation
102
color coding
can help user find the element of the display they are looking for by allowing people to focus on one thing because they can ignore the other colors
-can help distinguish between levels of information
103
combination code (redundant coding)
used to maximize discrimination ability between displays; using more than one type of coding in a display
104
static displays
fixed displays that do not change (road signs)
105
dynamic displays
displays that change over time (speedometer)
106
displays with changeable messages like amber alerts
in between static and dynamic displays
107
analog displays
have a continuous scale and a pointer
108
digital displays
present information in an alphanumeric display
109
pro of a digital display
conveys exact numerical values well
110
cons of a digital display
difficult to read when measurements are changing rapidly and its harder to see trends in the measurements
111
pro of an analog display
convey spatial information and trends efficiently
112
cons for an analog display
do not provide precise values
113
display arrangement
important when there are many dials or signal lights
114
frequency of use
the most frequently used and important displays are close to the line of sight under normal viewing conditions
115
sequence of use
the order in which the displays are used
116
head-up displays (HUD)
displays that superimpose display elements over the "real world"
-allows a user to see additional information while still maintaining their usual viewpoint
117
helmet-mounted displays
mounted so that they travel with the user
118
advisories
evokes general awareness of a marginal condition
119
cautions
evokes immediate attention and requires relatively rapid response
120
warnings
evokes immediate attention and require an immediate response
121
auditory displays
used to convey simple information
122
auditory icons
representational, everyday sounds with stereotypical meanings (police siren)
123
earcons
brief, recognizable sequences of tones to provide information (text signal)
124
speech displays
used to transmit slightly more complicated information
