Exam 2 Flashcards
George Cuvier
Extinction
Jean-Baptiste Lanarck
Change over time
Order of classification
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Linnaeus
Created hierarchical classification system
Problem with classification system
Ranks are arbitrary and not biologically significant
Cutaneous respirators
Animals that diffuse gases across their skin using epithelium
-sponges, cnidarians, amphibians
Types of gills or branchia
- external gills and parapodia
- dermal papulae (sea stars)
- internal gills
Trachea
System of branched tubes that transport air to pockets of cells
Spiracles
External valves that regulate air intake and water loss
Lungs
Highly vascularized cavity where air is circulated
Advantage of 4 chambered heart
Prevents mixing of systemic and pulmonary circuit blood
-mammals and birds
Circulatory system
- Delivery of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, etc
2. Removal of metabolic wastes
Respiratory System
- Uptake of oxygen from environment
2. Release of CO2 wastes into environment
Open circulatory system
- most common
- blood circulates in hemocoel
- baffles and septa direct flow
Closed circulatory system
Blood travels through vessels that deliver and remove materials to cells
System of travel away from heart
Arteries - arterioles - capillaries
System of travel back to heart
Capillaries - venules - veins
Double circulatory system
- developed b/c of low blood pressure from single CS
- pulmonary and systemic circuit
- can mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary circuit
Heart to lungs or gills
Systemic circuit
Heart to body tissues
Myelin sheath is produced by?
Glial cells
Nerve net
Network of neurons and sensory structure w/out a centralized control center
Bilateral nervous system
Nervous tissue divided into peripheral and central nervous system
Cephalization
Building up neurons and sensory structures in to head/anterior
Encephalization
Extreme cephalization of verts.
Lead to increased brain complexity
Sensory ns
- afferent
- connected to receptors & internal and external sensory structures
Motor ns
- efferent
- connected to effectors (muscles and glands)
chemoreceptors
taste and smell
oldest sense in the animal kingdom
what chemoreceptors are used for
chemotaxis-orientation relative to chem cues
find food, select mate, establish territories
Mechanoreceptors
sensing forces
touch, pressure, pain, sound, vibrations
Neuromast
of the lateral line system in fish
detect vibrations in water or weak electrical fields
statocysts
sense movement of hard floating objects or internal fluid relative to position of sensory hair cells
Species
real, not arbitrary
the basic unit used to describe a different kind of organism
What is a species name made of
- Genus
2. species epithet
Synapomorphy
shared, derived trait
Types of locomotion of Protozoans
- pseudopodia-amoebid movement
- cilia
- flagella
Isogamy
gametes are same size
Anisogomy
gametes are different sizes
Conjugation
exchange of genetic material between individuals
Cyst Formation
formation of a dormant form to protect them from harsh environmental conditions
Stigma
light sensing
Euglena
Trichocyst
barb for feeding or defense
-Paramecium
Cytostome
mouth
-Paramecium
