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Periodontology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pregnancy tumor?

A

localized area of pyogenic granulation tissue

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2
Q

what bacteria is found in juveline perio?

A

A. Acintomhcetemcomitans

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3
Q

what is the etiologic agent that contributes to disease?

A

bacteria in the biofilm

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4
Q

the gingiva is reddened, may appear blue red, probing depths increase, pus forms and tissue swells…. capillaries proliferate, T and B lymphocytes occur in equal numbers, extensive collagen destruction occurs, junctional epithelium thickens, rete pegs extend into connective tissue, plasma cells infiltrate, edema increases

A

established stage 3 gingivitis

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5
Q

this is unresponsive to treatment, gen or localized, no single bacteria identified, several species, multiple attempts have been made to control, patients harbor organisms that are tenacious and resistant

A

Refractory perio

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6
Q

what is the defining element for classifying perio disease?

A

the level of attachment loss from the CEJ which indicates bone loss

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7
Q

this is a pathologically deepened sulcus

A

periodontal pocket

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8
Q

what does a periodontal pocket contain?

A

subgingival plaque biofilm

metabolic products from biofilm

copious amounts of gingival fluid

calculus

pus

lippopolysacharides

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9
Q

Where is supragingival calculus most abundant?

A

whartons duct and stensons duct

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10
Q

what two reasons can periodontal pocket depths increase?

A

coronal movement of the gingival margin through swelling or deepening of the sulcus (gingival enlargements)

perio pockets reflect a progressive deepening of the sulcus through tissue destruction and associated with bone loss

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11
Q

What are the steps of calculus attaching to the tooth structure?

A 
attachment occurs in the relationship with the plaque
pellicle forms 
bacterial plaque begins with gram + cocci
calcification occurs
5 days plaque becomes filamentous
increase tenacity of calculus attachment
mineralization begins 4-8 hrs
50% mineralized in 2 days
90% mineralized in 12 days
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12
Q

what are other names for supragingival calculus?

A

supramarginal, extragingival, coronal calculus, or salivary calculus

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13
Q

what two microbes are associated with NUG?

A

disinformation bacillus

spirochete

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14
Q

The gingiva reddens, stippling appears, pus may appear and BOP.. T lymphocytes increase, cells congregate under sulcular epithelium, gingival fluid flow increases, collagen is defrayed, lengethed junctional ep. is distrusted and fibroblasts destroyed

A

early stage gingivitis stage 2

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15
Q

what are the two mechanisms for the initial of spread of infection?

A

bacteria and products may break down interface between epithelium and cause detachment of junctional epithelium

bacterial products interfere with normal growth and maintenance of the junctional and sulcular epithelium causing a break down

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16
Q

what happens with the sodium content of calculus as the pocket deepens?

A

increases

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17
Q

what is another name for subgingival calculus?

A

submarignal or serumal

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18
Q

how does subgingival calculus attach to the tooth structure?

A

pellicle attachment to cementum is mode of adherence

crystal grow deep into cemental irregularities

appear similar to cementum, termed calculocementus

not site specific

must use xray to detect

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19
Q

this is not a benign substance to the pathogenesis of gingival and periodontal disease, but plays a much smaller part in these disease than bacterial plaque biofilm

A

calculus

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20
Q

what causes the increase of neutrophils with the pathogensis of perio?

A

chemotaxis

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21
Q

this is the loss of crestal alveolar bone through the inflammatory response

A

periodontal bone loss

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22
Q

where does subgingival calculus form from?

A

from mineralized plaque biofilm

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23
Q

what are the trace elements found in supragingival calculus?

A

fluoride,zinc, and stronium

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24
Q

what does calculus provide a reservoir for?

A

bacteria and endotoxins

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25
Q

what is calculus divided into?

A

supragingival and subgingival

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26
Q

this is the extension of inflammation into the attachment apparatus and development of periodontal pockets

A

pathogenicity

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27
Q

what is associated with dark staining and increased calculus deposition?

A

chlorhexadine

28
Q

what are some plaque retention factors?

A

dental restorations

crown contour and margins (over and undercontoured restorations, margins of cast restorations should be kept away from the gingival )

amalgam overhangs (most common, detected by xray and explorers)

removeable partial denture (collect supragingival calculus, shuld be removed from appliance)

29
Q

what is present when perio disease is established?

A

both plasma and lymphocytes

30
Q

how are periodontal pockets classified?

A

suprabony (occur above the crest of alveolar bone)

infrabony(extend apically from the crest of the alveolar bone)

31
Q

these are calcium channel blockers and cause gingival enlargement

A

nifedipine and verapamil

32
Q

what inhibits hydroxyapatite growth?

A

pyrophosphates

33
Q

what do light calculus formers have?

A

high level of partoid phosphate

34
Q

Inorganic mineral content makes up about 80% of supragingival calculus.. what are the minerals?

A

calcium phosphate 75.9%
calcium carbonate 3.1%
and traces of magnesium, sodium, and potassium

35
Q

what is calculus formed by?

A

the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts present in bacterial plaque

36
Q

Where is supragingival calculus found?

A

on the clinical crowns of the teeth, above the margin of the gingiva

37
Q

what are characteristics that may be related to an increased rate of calculus formation?

A

elevated salivary PH

concentration of calcium in saliva

concentration of salivary bacterial protein and lipid

lower individual inhibitory factors

higher salivary urea and protein from the submandibular glands

higher total salivary lipid levels

38
Q

what are the main crystal types and percentages found in calculus?

A

58% hydroxyapatite
21% octacalcium phosphate
21% magnesium whitlockite
9% brushite

39
Q

there are no clinical signs of this, however.. blood vessels dilate, PMN’s migrate into connective tissue, plasma leaks into connective tissue, gingival fluid flows from pockets, T lymphocytes predominate

A

initial stage 1 gingivitis

40
Q

what does periodontitis begin with?

A

apical migration of the junctional epithelium and loss of alveolar crest bone

41
Q

this type of periodontitis is characterized by bone resorption that progresses slowly and predominantly in a horizontal direction… not clinically significant until about age 35 and more common in men

A

chronic periodontitis

42
Q

this is the most common form of periodontal disease

A

chronic periodontitis

43
Q

this is porous and rough and provides a lattice on which plaque can grow

A

supragingival calculus

44
Q

what dentition does aggressive perio effect and what is it called?

A

can affect both primary and secondary dentition

prepubertal perio

45
Q

what systemic diseases are related to perio?

A

IDDM
AIDS
down syndrome
papillon lefevre syndrome

46
Q

what are the characteristics of subgingival caluclus?

A

forms on root surfaces, tenacious and black in color, deposited in rings or ledges

47
Q

what are the channels of subgingival calculus filled with?

A

bacteria

48
Q

this is similar to stage 3, destructive changes into bone and other tissues

A

advanced gingivitis stage 4

49
Q

what is the organic matrix made up of mineral crystals?

A

plaque microbes
glucans
glycoproteins
lipids

50
Q

this is used for immunosuppressant causes gingival englargment

A

cyclosporine

51
Q

the most common gingival disease of fungal origin is from?

A

candida albicans

52
Q

why do perio pockets deepen

A

due to break down of collagen fibers due to collagenase released bacteria

53
Q

what is the most common medications for gingival disease?

A

antiseizure- phenytoin associated with gingival hyperplasia

54
Q

these do NOT reduce calculus present, but aids in inhibiting formation of new calculus

A

anticalculus agents

55
Q

what is the severity of chronic periodontitis directly related to?

A

the accumulation of plaque biofilm and calculus on surfaces of teeth

56
Q

what are some conditions that can affect the periodontal health?

A

ortho appliances

malocclusion

unreplaced missing teeth

mouth breathing

anatomic anomalies

tobacco and alcohol use

57
Q

what are the characteristics of rapidly progressive perio?

A

ages 20-30
most teeth involved
severe inflammation, plaque and calculus
rapid bone loss over weeks and months

genetic component

58
Q

what are the stages of gingivitis?

A 
Stage 1 (initial or subclincal stage)
stage 2 (early stage)
stage 3 (established)
stage 4 (advanced stage)
59
Q

what is the diagnosis of rapidly progressive perio?

A 
less than 30
multiple areas of 5 mm attachment loss
6mm pockets 
P gingivalis and P intermedia
E corrodens and Cr Rectus
60
Q

what is the difference between supra and sub gingival calculus when it comes to where it is derived from?

A

the mineral is derived from crevicular fluid not saliva

61
Q

associated with chronic nature and progression of peiodontal diseases

A

subgingival calculus

62
Q

what is another common name for calculus?

A

tartar

63
Q

this is characterized by extreme bone loss, usually seen around permanent molars and incisors…in patients younger than 20?

A

juvenile perio

64
Q

what 2 mechanisms can cause pregnancy tumor

A

increase in pathogenic bacteria and increase in Prostoglandin E

65
Q

this type of perio progresses rapidly with massive bone loss

A

aggressive perio

66
Q

inflammation of the gingival tissues and is reversible.. occurs in periodontium with no attachment loss or with loss that is not progressing

A

gingivitis

67
Q

how do you treat rapidly progressive perio?

A

plaque control
subgingival scaling
perio surgery
antibiotics such as tetracycline,metronidazole, amoxicillin/clauvanic acid, ciprooxacin

Periodontology (3 decks)

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