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Periodontology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

.4-1.5 mm space between the tooth and the bone which is visible radiographically

A

periodontal ligament

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2
Q

spirals..have one or more axial firils and incorporated into their cell walls.. most agressive

A

spirochetes

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3
Q

produce more antibody and are effective against virus and tumor cells

A

Natural Killer Lymphocytes

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4
Q

calculus occurs in approx. how many adults?

A

1/3 of adults

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5
Q

these fibers course from periosteum of alveolar bone and spread into connective tissue, the function is to attach gingiva to bone.

A

periostogingival

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6
Q

how much hydroxyapatite, enamel and dentin make up the cementum

A

60%
97%
70%

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7
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T
B
NK

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8
Q

What was hippocrates advice about bad breath for women?

A

burn the head of a Hare and 3 mice, removing the intestine of 2 of them but leaving the liver and pound a stone into mortar with some marble and whitstone and apply with a greasy wool

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9
Q

gingival index of loe and silness

sulcus bleeding index

A

gingival bleeding indices

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10
Q

what is epithelium?

A

stratified squamous cells mostly keratinocytes but with some langerhans cells and merkel cells and melanocytes

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11
Q

what does smoking cause of perio disease?

A

suppresses the vascular reaction masking the signs of inflammation

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12
Q

this is the study of health and disease and the associated factors in population in reference to hereditary, biology, environment, society and behavior..etc

A

epidemiology

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13
Q

how many principal fiber groups consist the PDL?

A

5 principal

6 minor

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14
Q

Who were some of the first craftsmen, that could have been dentists?

A

Paul revere, woofendale, mills, baker, flagg and greenwood

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15
Q

this is comprised of the cribriform plate encompassing the alveoli and the adjacent cancellous bone

A

alveolar bone

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16
Q

these fibers span interdental space, with ends inserted into the cementum of the teeth. the function is to maintain relationship between teeth

A

transseptal

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17
Q

these fibers run apocalypse into bone from the furcation

A

interadicular

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18
Q

What did ancient skulls that had been found, show?

A 
caries
alveolar bone loss
supernumerary teeth
impacted teeth
periapical abscesses
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19
Q

these compare individuals with a disease to those without and compare the risk factors, etc.

A

case control studies

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20
Q

This is defined as the tissues that surround, support and attach to the teeth

A

Periodontium

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21
Q

Who described the use of scrapers for the cleaning of teeth around 330 BC?

A

Asristotle

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22
Q

the cocci formation changes the environment to allow other bacteria the right to succeed.. as the filamentous bacteria begin to join, the number of occi decreases

A

microbial succession

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23
Q

perio is more common in men than women, with the exception of what disease?

A

HIV.. more common in women

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24
Q

this means to resorb bone

A

osteoclasts

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25
Q

all plaque is a homeogenous mass of bacteria and all plaques have the potential for disease regardless of the type.. inflammation is related to age and the quantity of plaque present

A

nonspecific plaque hypothesis

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26
Q

Who was Alfred C Fones?

A

He was a dentist who trained the first hygienist because of time constraints

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27
Q

gingiva is knife edge papillae and not blunted

A

shape

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28
Q

When and what was the name of the first dental hygiene school?

A

In 1913, Fones created the School in Bridgeport Connecticut

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29
Q

when stained and counter stained retain the initial crystal violet stain bc of the permeability of the cell wall

gnerally have larger glycan layer

in our mouth

A

gram positive

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of PMNs?

A

aka neutrophils
make up to 70% of leukocytes
phagocytize microbes
the by product of this are the enzymes, collage made and elastase which cause tissue destruction

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31
Q

what has increased periodontal problems?

A

tobacco use
obesity
alcohol consumption

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32
Q

in 1985, who increased the curriculum time allotted to periodontics?

A

The ADA and the council on dental education increased to 7.1 percent

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33
Q

Who discovered dentinal tubules when looking through the microscope in which he invented?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1600’s

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34
Q

these fibers course from mesial surface to distal surface of same tooth. the function is to support free gingiva

A

semicircular

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35
Q

gingiva is firm, stippled, not spongy

A

texture

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36
Q

When were dentists granted license?

A

1841

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37
Q

this is the most common, forms into chains, spherical shaped

A

cocci

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38
Q

When and what was the name of the first dental school?

A

1840, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery

1867, harvard

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39
Q

what makes up the clinical observation of gingiva?

A 
color
texture 
size
shape
consistency
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40
Q

people with periodontal problems are more likely to have an increased risk for…

A

heart disease and to give birth to low birth weighted babies

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41
Q

this is a loose gel liek polysaccharide substance, called glucan.. and glucan aids in bacterial adherence..

A

glycocalyx

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42
Q

bacteria that requires carbon dioxide for growth

A

capnophiles

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43
Q

What else is Periodontoclasia referred to as?

A

Pyorrhea Alveolaris

in 1877 by FH Rehwinkel

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44
Q

gingiva is not swollen, not resorbed or receded

A

size

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45
Q

When were the earliest medical texts that contain dental treatments and dental hygiene instructions?

A

3000 BC

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46
Q

composed of cocci and appears in rows much like a corncob

A

corncob formation

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47
Q

these are long, fine, wavy filament used for movement.. they appear similiar to fibriae but have different function.. both gram pos and gram neg contain these

A

flagella

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48
Q

these fibers run from apex of root into alveolar bone, both lateral and apical to root apex

A

apical

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49
Q

What we’re used as teeth cleaners by the early Mohammedans and by people in early saudia arabia?

A

siwaks

miswaks

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50
Q

also known as scavenger cells

A

Macrophages

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51
Q

these fibers course from cementum, near CEJ, across to alveolar crest. the function is to anchor tooth to bone and protect the PDL

A

Dentoperiosteal

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52
Q

bacteria that REQUIRES oxygen

A

aerobes

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53
Q

these fibers encircle the entire tooth coronal to the alveolar crest. the function is to support free gingiva

A

circular

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54
Q

What do the Practice Community requires detailed periodontal records for?

A
  1. Provide evidence of evaluation
  2. provide for the treatment of perio disease
  3. provide care for pt
  4. protect against malpractice
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55
Q

Who was the first dentist to be allowed to apply for membership in the college of surgeons in paris?

A

Ambroise Pare in the 1500’s

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56
Q

bacteria that can use oxygen but can live well with out it

A

facultative anaerobes

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57
Q

if the cells retain in their nuclei, what is this process?

A

parakeratinization

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58
Q

what is the tissue beneath the gingiva?

A

Lamina Propria/connective tissue

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59
Q

this is the study of the host response to disease?

A

immunology

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60
Q

these fibers run from distal, facial, and lingual surfaces of one tooth, around adjacent tooth, and insert on mesial surface of tooth beyond adjacent tooth. the function is to maintain arch form

A

intercircular

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61
Q

this more likely to occur in black males

A

localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP)

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62
Q

this can occur in the posteriors and may be a depressed area of tissue that is nonkeratinized… usually buccal to lingual

A

COL

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63
Q

this was developed by the american academy of periodontology and there american dental association, it is important because of its use and the fact these two organizations agreed

A

PSR- Periodontal Screening and Recording

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64
Q

this occurs when microorganisms form a layer on almost any surface, plaque on teeth, in the dental water lines, ring around the bathtub, drip pan under refrigerator.. can be visible or invisible

A

biofilm

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65
Q

these fibers run from the cementum, just social to the CEJ

A

alveolar crest

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66
Q

what is the oral epithelium composed of?

A

attached gingiva, papillae, and the outer portion of the free gingiva

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67
Q

what is the function of inflammatory cells

A

phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue and to secrete products that affect cell permeability which cause lysis (cell death)

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68
Q

This varies from 1-9 mm and is attached to the collagen fibers

A

attached gingiva

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69
Q

with gram negative anaeroes, what do the lippopolysaccharides do?

A

they are released when the cell wall is broken and affects the host tissue via response

70
Q

this means to build bone

A

osteoblasts

71
Q

what percentage of fiber bundles is the lamina propria composed of?

A

up to 60% of collagen fibrils

the other 40% is made up of fibroblasts, mast cells, nerve cells, blood cells,etc..

these fibers are composed of gingival ligaments

72
Q

this is the gingiva between the teeth that fills the embrasures or space between two adjacent teeth

A

papillae

aka interdental gingiva

73
Q

bacteria that do not use oxygen but can tolerate it

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

74
Q

Who was Irene Newman?

A

in 1906, She was the first hygienist to be trained

75
Q

both gram positive and gram negative contain these.. which are protein type projections on the external surface of the bacteria for the function of hydroxyapatite

A

pili

76
Q

these fibers are the largest group of fiber bundles and transfer occlusal stresses to bone

A

oblique

77
Q

inital plaque is composeed of what type of bacteira?

A

cocci type

78
Q

a slight depression on the gingiva corresponding to the sulcus depth.. where the free gingiva becomes attached gingiva

A

free gingival groove

79
Q

what kind of tissue are ridges in rete pegs?

A

connective tissue

80
Q

these are often the first to recognize the antigen as foreign and therefore begins the inflammatory response… they are important in perio disease because of histamine thereby setting off an allergic reaction

A

Macrophages

81
Q

this is where the attached gingiva meets the mucosa(which is moveable)

A

mucogingival junction

82
Q

Who wrote about the curability of the diseases of the mouth, which one of the first names of perio disease was named after?

A

John Riggs in 1845

83
Q

thread like but have tapered ends

A

fusiforms

84
Q

microbial studies are more able to defferentiate between bacteiral types.. as many as a dozen different types of bacteria may be responsible for periodontitis

A

specific plaque hypothesis

85
Q

what 2 ways is gingiva categorized?

A

keratinized and parakeratinized

86
Q

what should healthy interndal papilla look like?

A

come to a point

not healthy will be swollen or inflamed

87
Q

what does cancellous bone mean

A

spongiosum

88
Q

rod shaped, may be curved, uneven in diameter, club shaped ends, or thread like filaments

A

bacilli

89
Q

plaque index of silness and loe

simplified oral hygiene index of green and vermillion

A

plaque debris indices

90
Q

in periodontal disease, what is mostly caused from the host response?

A

tissue destruction

91
Q

the function of these fibers is to retain the tooth in the socket and oppose lateral forces

A

alveolar crest

92
Q

These fibers run directly across PDL space

A

Horizontal

93
Q

These contain melanin which gives a pigmented appearance of color

A

melanocytes

94
Q 
these lymphocytes are produced in the thymus.. used in cell
mediated respond (humoral/antibody mediated) also occur as T helper cells to the B lymphocytes. they produce antibody or to act as cytoxic T cells which stimulate macrophage activity
A

T lymphocytes

95
Q

sometimes, gram negative are present on the dorsum of the tongue and associated with bad breath and perio.. what is it usually oassociated with?

A

porphymoronas gingivalis

96
Q

what are the 5 principal gingival fiber groups?

A

dentogingival

alveologingival

dentoperiosteal

circular

transseptal

97
Q

Who is considered to be the first periodontist?

A

Leonard Koecker of London

98
Q

this is a network of channels and canals that allow nutrient exchange.. it also provides some physical protection

A

glycocalyx

99
Q

this studies a population or a subset of the population over time (usually years)

A

cohort studies

100
Q

these fibers are probably suspensory and protection of interadicular bone present in only multirooted teeth

A

interadicular

101
Q

the PDL is composed of fiber bundles… what are their function?

A
  1. anchor the tooth
  2. allow fibrous tissue to develop and maintain itself
  3. allow the calcified tissue to maintain development
  4. allow the nutritive and metabolites ease of transport
  5. allow the sensory functions (touch, pressure, pain and proproception)
102
Q

this is the movement of teeth gradually over time often throughout life in a mesial direction and usually via osteoclastic and osteoblastic action

A

Physiologic Mesial Migration

103
Q

this is known as the “cuff” around the tooth

A

free gingiva

104
Q

what is the lamina propria made up of?

A

papillary later which is the projections between the rete pegs

reticular later which extends to the periosteum

105
Q

these fibers run mesiodistally in connective tissue immediately beneath gingival epithelium. the function is support attach gingiva

A

intergingival

106
Q

what does epidemiology study?

A

the entire population to determine incidence, prevalence, and risk factors

107
Q

these fibers are found in papillae, coronal to transseptal fiber bundles. the function is to support the papillary gingiva

A

interpapillary

108
Q

these show the red safranin counter stain.. their outer membrane is composed of receptor proteins (which help adherence and complex lippopolysacharrides)

A

gram negative

109
Q

calculus index of OHI-S
Volpe Manhold Probe Method of Calculus

this is the one used to measure tartar control toothpastes is studies and uses the mandibular anteriors

A

calculus indices

110
Q

this is the level of the disease

A

severity

111
Q

what are the alveolar process components?

A

alveolar bone

compact bone which makes up facial and lingual cortical plates

trabecular and cancellous bone between the cortical plates

112
Q

oral mucoasa usually have what type of bacteria?

A

gram positive streptococci

113
Q

what does saliva do?

A

lubricates, protects, buffers, cleanses and helps with demineralization of teeth and is antimicrobial

114
Q

these cells mediate the inflammatory response process with increased vascular permeability

A

Mast cells

115
Q

predominant antibody in saliva and inhibits bacterial attachment

A

Immunoglobulin A

116
Q

what does the epithelium consist of?

A

oral(or outer) epithelium, sulcular epithelium, junctional epithelium, and gingival connective tissue

117
Q

these fibers run oblique (slanted) direction across the PDL

A

Oblique

118
Q

what are the 6 roles the ADHA defines for hygienist?

A 
clinician
educator or health promoter
consumer advocate
change agent
researcher
119
Q

this is the rate of new occurrences in a population over a given period of time

A

incidence

120
Q

What does the periodontium include?

A

Gingiva
PDL
cementum
alveolar bone

121
Q

these cells are phagocytic

A

langerhans cells

122
Q

these fibers formed between teeth, coronal to CEJ. function is to support marginal gingiva

A

transgingival

123
Q

these fibers are probably suspensory because it does not occur erupting teeth

A

apical

124
Q

what are the allergic reactions?

A

type 1- anaphylaxis (histamine released, most dangerous, tissue destruction, anaphylactic shock syndrome)

type 3 Cytoxic break down of tissues

type 3 immune complex (arthus reactions and antigens persist)

type 4 cell mediated (can be delayed up to days later)

125
Q

what is the miller index of tooth mobility?

A

0-no movement
1-barely moves
2- 1mm movement
3- over 1mm movement or the tooth is depressable

126
Q

gingiva is firm, reslilient and returns to normal when compressed quickly

A

consistency

127
Q

the majority of the bacteria on the tongue are gram positive streptococcus… what are they usually?

A

S. Salivarius and S. sanguis

128
Q

what are cytokines

A

provide communication between cells assisting in the development and regulation of immune effector cells

129
Q

what are the characteristics of the junctional epithelium?

A

separates the PDL from the oral environment

130
Q

aka sulcular fluid

A

gingival fluid

131
Q

What cells are associated with nerve cells?

A

Merkel cells

132
Q

Who is considered to be the Father of Modern Dentistry and lived in America?

A

GV Black

133
Q

composed of filamentous bacteria and gram negative rods

A

test tube (bristle brush)

134
Q

where does the basal lamina connection occur?

A

in the rete pegs which are ridges in the connective tissue

135
Q

these are a complex set of microorganisms which produce a sticky extracellular matrix called glycocalyx

A

plaque biofilms

136
Q

these people are two to three times more likely to have periodontal problems?

A

insulin dependent people

137
Q

What are the 5 principal fiber bundles attached to the cementum by sharpeys fibers and run across the bone?

A

alveolar crest

horizontal

apical

interadicular

138
Q

this studies an entire population that is a representative of the population and is studied at a given point in time

A

cross sectional

139
Q

this is loosely adhered bacteria and cellular debris.. it can be removed with a strong water spray.. this is not a biofilm except when it is not readily removed by rinsing.. then this layer is defined as dental plaque or biofilm

A

material alba

140
Q

Who formed the Academy of Periodontology?

A

Grace Rogers and Gillette Hayden in 1914

141
Q

what are the characteristics of the sulcular epithelium?

A

non or parakeratinized

extends from the outer epithelium into the gingival sulcus to the junctional epithelium

NO rete pegs

1-3 mm in health

permeable in fluids

142
Q

this is an amorphous tenacious film on tooth surfaces.. composed of the formation of salivary proteins attracted oppositely charged calcium and phosphate ions of hydroxyapatite

A

pellicle

143
Q

this process is when the keratinocytes migrate from the basal layer to the surface, they flatten and produce a keratohyaline granula layer where no cell nuclei are present

A

keratinization

144
Q

russell’s perio index

periodontal disease index of ramfjord

A

periodontal disease indices

145
Q

these are the ratio of measurements to allow for interpretation

A

indices or indexes

146
Q

what are the most associated species of perio disease?

A

porphyromonas and prevotella

147
Q

these fiber groups radiate from the cementum into the free and attached gingiva and the function is to support the gingiva

A

dentinogingival

148
Q

what is joined to underlying connective tissue by the basal laminar by fibrils?

A

gingiva epithelium

149
Q

the exposures, behaviors, characteristics, etc. associated with a disease

A

risk factors

150
Q

where does supragingival plaque begin with?

A

pellicle

151
Q

these are effector molecules that help elminate foreign bodies

A

antigens

152
Q

this is the process of signaling inflammatory cells to areas of trauma or infection

A

chemotaxis

153
Q

antigens are recognized by what?

A

lyphocytes

154
Q

bacteria that lives without oxygen

A

anaerobes

155
Q

developed by WHO and is a gingival fluid flow index

A

community index of periodontal treatment needs

156
Q

what do inflammatory cells include

A

PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

macrophages

plasma cells

lymphocytes

157
Q

what are the functions of cementum

A
  1. anchors teeth
  2. maintains the occlusal relationship
  3. provides a seal for the dentinal tubules
  4. contains sharpeys fibers
158
Q

In what year, and who definite periodontoclasia as a degenerative disease of the periodontium?

A

In 1840, H.J. Leonard

159
Q

In 1678-1761, who was considered to be the father of dentistry?

A

Pierre Fauchard

160
Q

bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

161
Q

What was calculus referenced by, by the middle ages around 1500?

A

Albucasis

162
Q

how many classes are immunoglobbins

A

9

163
Q

gingiva is pink, coral pink in health?

A

color

164
Q

When did periodontal probes come into wide use?

A

1948-1958 after World War 2 because so many soldiers had trench mouth

165
Q

these fiber groups radiate from the periosteum into attached gingiva. their function is to attach gingiva to underlying bone

A

alveologingival

166
Q

these lymphocytes serve as receptor sites for antigens and are precursors of plasma cells which produce antibodies. Also stimulate production of more T cells. Both B and T responses lead to NK lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes

167
Q

what is the function of the epithelium?

A

to protect and allow selective interchange most often with drugs into the blood stream

168
Q

this is the number of cases of the disease in the population at a single point in time

A

prevalence

169
Q

what are the secondary gingival fiber groups?

A

periostogingival

interpapillary

transgingival

intercircular

semicircular

intergingival

170
Q

these PDL fibers attach the root surface to the alveolar bone

A

horizontal

Periodontology (3 decks)

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