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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

important parameters in microscopy

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

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2
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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3
Q

cell walls were first seen by

A

Robert Hooke, 1665, tree bark

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4
Q

Matt Schleidan and Ted Schwaan 1838-39 discovery

A

all organisms are composed of one or more cells and are the smallest unit of life

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5
Q

Rudolf Virchous discovery

A

cells only arise by division of a previously existing cell and life is continuos line of decent

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6
Q

Cell Theory

A

all organisms are composed of cells, smallest living things, arise from preexisting cells, continuous line of decent, contain mechanism for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Why are cells small

A

optimus surface area to volume ratio 3:1

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8
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography

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9
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

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10
Q

Certain structures common in cells

A

genetic material, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

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11
Q

prokaryotic

A

bacteria and archaebacteria

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12
Q

Eukaryotic

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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13
Q

chromosomes carry

A

genes

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis, not membrane bound so not an organelle

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15
Q

Whats larger prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

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16
Q

size of prokaryotic cells

A

.1-1ym

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17
Q

size of eukaryotic cells

A

10-100ym

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell

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19
Q

microvilli

A

long thin projections that increase surface area without an approachable increase in volume

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20
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm

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21
Q

nuclear envelope membrane

A

double

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22
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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23
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins made up is chromosomes

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24
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended in the cytosol

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25
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to the outside to the outside endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

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26
Q

endomembrane system includes

A

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes,vesicles and vacuoles, and plasma membrane

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27
Q

endomembrane system tasks

A

synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membrane or organelles or outside of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poison

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28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive network of membranes that account for more than half the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells

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29
Q

Smooth ER surface

A

lacks ribosomes

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30
Q

Rough ER surface

A

studded with ribosomes

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31
Q

Smooth ER function

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage calcium ions

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32
Q

Rough ER function

A

aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes, adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins, produces new membrane

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33
Q

glycoproteins

A

most secretory, proteins and carbohydrates covalently bonded

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34
Q

transport vesicles

A

transit from one part of the cell to another

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35
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

stacks of flattened membranous sacs, has polarity (cis and trans face)

36
Q

cis face

A

faced towards the ER, receiving

37
Q

trans face

A

shipping side

38
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids, synthesis of many polysaccharides, sorting of golgi products and released in vesicles

39
Q

lysosome structure

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)

40
Q

lysosome function

A

breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged cells for recycling

41
Q

Vacuole structure

A

large membrane bounded vesicle

42
Q

vacuole function

A

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection

43
Q

Mitochondrion structure

A

bounded by double membrane, inner membrane has infoldings

44
Q

mitochondrion function

A

Cellular respiration with ATP

45
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains thylakoids stacked into grana

46
Q

chloroplast function

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support for the cell and in motility and signal transmission

48
Q

microtubules

A

shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells

49
Q

cilia and flagella

A

motile appendages containing microtubules primary cilia play sensory and signaling roles

50
Q

microfilaments

A

thin rods that functioning muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and support microvilli.

51
Q

intermediate filaments

A

support cell shape and fix organelles in place

52
Q

cell walls

A

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

53
Q

Animal cells secrete glycoproteins and proteoglycans that form

A

extracellular matrix

54
Q

extracellular matrix

A

support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

55
Q

Plant cells have ____ that pass through adjoining cell wall

A

plasmodesmata

56
Q

Animal cells junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

57
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

58
Q

membrane is held together by

A

hydrophobic interactions, which is weaker then a covalent bond

59
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

60
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often to exposed integral proteins

61
Q

plasma membrane properties

A

no free ends, internal space

62
Q

fluid

A

phospholipid bilayer

63
Q

mosaic

A

embedded proteins

64
Q

embedded proteins

A

transport, recognition, receptor

65
Q

transport proteins

A

channels and carriers

66
Q

receptor proteins

A

gates and triggers

67
Q

recognition proteins

68
Q

cell membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins transmembrane and interior, carbohydrates to proteins and lipids, cholesterol

69
Q

polar sides of protein

A

outside the phospholipid

70
Q

types of transport

A

passive, active

71
Q

passive transport

A

down concentration gradient, involves proteins called channels, carriers and pores

72
Q

active transport

A

up concentration gradient, small molecules transported through protein pumps, large molecules transported through vesicles endocytosis and exocytosis

73
Q

exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents

74
Q

endocytosis

A

molecules enter cells within vesicles that pinch inward from the plasma membrane

75
Q

diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

76
Q

osmosis

A

water diffuses out through the permeable membrane of a cell

77
Q

hypertonic

A

solution outside has a higher solute concentration, water diffuses out

78
Q

hypotonic

A

solution inside has a lower solute concentration, water diffuses in

79
Q

endocytosis type of enveloping

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated

80
Q

phagocytosis

A

particulate material

81
Q

pinocytosis

82
Q

receptor mediated

A

transport specific molecules

83
Q

passive transport channels

A

transport water soluble molecules and ions

84
Q

passive transport carriers

A

transport of ions, sugars, and amino acids

85
Q

passive transport pore

A

transport water, ions, and organic waste

86
Q

cotransport

A

coupling of the downhill diffusion of one substance to the uphill transport or another against its own concentration gradient

87
Q

differences between plant and animal cells

A

plant cell structures: chloroplasts, cell walls, and vacuoles

Biology (8 decks)

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