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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

Genetic material

A

DNA

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3
Q

Structure and function are

A

Interrelated

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4
Q

Evolution produces

A

Diversity

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5
Q

Unifying themes of biology

A
  1. cell is basic unit of life
  2. DNA is the genetic material
  3. Structure and function are interrelated
  4. evolution produces diversity
  5. evolutionary conservation
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6
Q

Characteristics of living systems

A

Organization, heredity, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction, growth,response, evolution, adaptability

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7
Q

Cell —>

A

Molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cells

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8
Q

Organism–>

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems

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9
Q

Population—>

A

Populations, communities, ecosystems

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10
Q

Consequences of hierarchical organization

A

Emergent properties

New properties arise at each higher level

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy

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12
Q

Lost energy

A

Heat

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13
Q

Flows through an ecosystem

A

Entering as light exiting as heat

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14
Q

Units of classification

A

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

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15
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Using general principles

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16
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Uses specific observations

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane enclosed organelles, DNA nucleus

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18
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Lack membrane, enclosed cell

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19
Q

Genes are

A

Protein

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20
Q

Feedback regulation

A

Regulated by output and endput

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21
Q

Bacteria and archea

A

Consist of prokaryotes

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22
Q

Eukarya

A

Plantar, fungi, and animalia (kingdom)

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23
Q

Essential elements

A

CHOPKINSCaFeMgBNLnNa

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24
Q

Trace Elements

A

SPONCH

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25
Q

96% of elements in body

A

O,C,N,H

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26
Q

Neutral atoms

A

same number of protons and neutrons

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27
Q

Isotopes

A

have more or less then protons

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28
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms

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29
Q

cations

A

more protons then electrons, positively charged

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30
Q

anions

A

more electrons than protons, negatively charged

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31
Q

Ionic bonds

A

formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

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32
Q

atomic number

A

protons

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33
Q

mass number

A

protons and neutrons

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34
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons on outermost shell

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35
Q

molecules

A

groups of atoms held together in a state association

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36
Q

compounds

A

molecules containing more than one type of element

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37
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share two or more valence electrons

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38
Q

chemical bonds

A

atoms are held together in molecules or compounds

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39
Q

properties of water

A

hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat (4.2 Jg -1), high heat of vaporization (2260 kJ Kg -1), less dense as ice, solvent

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40
Q

solvent

A

great with polar charged molecules

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41
Q

electronegativity

A

attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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42
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

both atoms are the same, they have the same electronegativity

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43
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom

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44
Q

Van Der Waals interactions

A

transiently positive and negative regions of molecules

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45
Q

water is a _____ molecule

A

polar

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46
Q

cohesion

A

keeps water molecules together

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47
Q

hydrophilic

A

affinity for water

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48
Q

mole

A

certain number of molecules of a substance

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49
Q

hydrogen ion

50
Q

acidic

51
Q

Neutral

52
Q

Basic

53
Q

Acids

A

donate H= in aqueous solutions

54
Q

bases

A

donate OH- or accept H+ in aqueous solutions

55
Q

pH

A

concentration of H+

56
Q

Buffer

A

consists of acid-base pair that combines reversibly with hydrogen ions, allowing it to resist pH changes

57
Q

Carbon

A

4 covalent bonds, variable length, unbranched, branched, single or double bonds, rings

58
Q

hydroxyl

59
Q

carbonyl

60
Q

carboxyl

61
Q

Amino

62
Q

Sulfhydral

63
Q

Phosphate

A 
O-
    I
O-P-OH
     II
     O
64
Q

Methyl

65
Q

Estradiol

66
Q

Testosterone

67
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

connects short polymer to monomer to make long polymer

68
Q

Hydrolysis

A

polymer breaking

69
Q

biologically important components

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

70
Q

Carbohydrate ratio

A

1:2:1 carbon hydrogen oxygen

71
Q

carbohydrate examples

A

sugars starch glucose

72
Q

C—H covalent bonds store much

73
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

3-carbon sugar

74
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

ribose, deoxyribose

75
Q

6 carbon sugars

A

glucose fructose galactose

76
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis, used for sugar transport or energy storage

77
Q

disaccharides examples

A

sucrose lactose maltose

78
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrates, long chains of sugars, used for energy storage, plants use starch and cellulose, animal use glycogen and chitin

79
Q

Lipid properties

A

non-polar molecules, not water soluble, dissolve in non polar solvents

80
Q

types of lipids

A

fatty acids, triglycerides or neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins and waxes

81
Q

fatty acids

A

long hydrocarbon chains

82
Q

types of fatty acids

A

saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

83
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

84
Q

fatty acid structure

A

hydrocarbon chain, carboxyl group

85
Q

saturated structure

A

single bonds in carbon

86
Q

unsaturated structure

A

double carbon bond

87
Q

CIS unsaturated

A

H H
I I
C=C

88
Q

trans unsaturated

A 
H
 I
C=C
      I
      H
89
Q

triglycerides

90
Q

triglycerides definition

A

excellent molecule for energy storage, twice as much energy as carb

91
Q

animal fats

A

usually saturated, solid at room temp

92
Q

plant fats (oils)

A

usually unsaturated, liquid at room temp

93
Q

phospholipid structure

A

hydrophilic polar head with hydrophobic non polar tails

94
Q

steroid is a

95
Q

lipid functions

A

long term energy storage, protection, synthesis hormones

96
Q

protein functions

A

enzyme catalysts, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation-insulin, calcium storage

97
Q

portions are polymers of

A

amino acids

98
Q

amino acids

A

20 different, joined by dehydration synthesis

99
Q

peptide bonds

A

connect amino acids

100
Q

amino acid structure

A

amino group, carboxyl group

101
Q

four levels of protein organization

A

primary, secondary, teriatry, quarternary

102
Q

primary structure

A

chain of amino acids

103
Q

secondary structure

A

pleated and helix

104
Q

bonds that stabilize protein structure

A

hydrogen bond, disulfide bridge, ionic bond, van der waals attraction, hydrophobic exclusion

105
Q

denaturation

A

a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function

106
Q

cause of denaturation

A

environment, pH, Temp.,salt concentration

107
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymer of nucleotides

108
Q

types of nucleic acids

109
Q

nucleotide structure

A

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

110
Q

structure of Adenosine Triphosphate

A

triphosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

111
Q

steroids

A

four fused rings with attached chemical groups

112
Q

reduction

A

gains electrons, makes mom stable

113
Q

oxidation

A

loses electrons

114
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures hence different properties

115
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in covalent partners

116
Q

macromolecules are

117
Q

lipids don’t have

118
Q

ATP is

A

energy currency

119
Q

portions are polymers of

A

amino acids

120
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A

transporter, enzyme, cell surface receptor, cell surface identity marker, cell adhesion, attachment to the cytoskeleton

121
Q

nucleotide is a monomer of

A

nucleic acid

Biology (8 decks)

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