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Psych 265 - Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how drugs enter, circulate, and exit our bodies

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2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of action

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3
Q

what does BAC measure

A

miligrams of alcohol/100 ml of blood

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4
Q

how much does one drink increase one’s BAC

A

.03%

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5
Q

who prefers beer

A

young males

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6
Q

who prefers wine

A

women, younger people, more educated

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7
Q

who prefers liquor

A

males, heavier drinkers, less educated, middle-aged to older

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8
Q

other things affecting driving ability

A

past drinking experience, last meal, comorbid usage

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9
Q

BAC of .10 indicates what

A

one tenth of 1% of blood is ethanol

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10
Q

what differs b/w male and female drinkers that affects concentration of ethanol in blood

A

body fat

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11
Q

ascending limb of BAC curve

A

end of drinking until peak intoxication

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12
Q

descending limb of BAC curve

A

end of drinking to sobriety

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13
Q

objective bac level

A

scientific measurement of bac

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14
Q

subjective bac level

A

what someone thinks their bac is

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15
Q

explain trends in objective/subjective bac levels

A

At point A, subjective is usually higher than objective (people are having fun, feeding off environment). At point B objective is usually higher than subjective. (this explains why people will drive).

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16
Q

enzyme in liver that metabolizes alcohol

A

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

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17
Q

what does alcohol get metabolized into in the liver

A

acetaldehyde

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18
Q

brain lacks what enzyme

A

ADH

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19
Q

What enzymes are found in the brain that make up for the lack of ADH

A

cytochrome P450 and catalase

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20
Q

negative side-effects of acetaldehyde

A

toxic
damage tissue
creates ROS (reactive oxygen species)
alter the redox state

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21
Q

final enzyme that breaks apart acetaldehyde

A

ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase)

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22
Q

what does acetaldehyde get broken into?

A

water and acetate

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23
Q

ways of drug loss during ingestion

A

respiration, perspiration, urination

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24
Q

what ways do drugs reach one’s brain the quickest

A

inhalation, injection, and absorption

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25
Q

reasons why inhalation, injection, absorption are more effective

A

not broken down by liver, and avoids stomach acid

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26
Q

how do breathalizers work?

A
  1. ingest alcohol
  2. alcohol absorbed through intestines
  3. oxygenated blood carries alcohol
  4. blood passes through alveoli and breathed out
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27
Q

explain body fat/muscle

A

body fat contains less water than muscle. therefore someone with higher fat concentration has a higher ethanol concentration than someone with higher muscle concentration

28
Q

why can’t you measure THC intoxication

A

THC is stored in fat, not blood stream. so,, how could one measure it?

29
Q

cerebellum contains what percentage of neurons in brain

A

70%

30
Q

What does cerebellum do?

A

regulate movement such as; posture, head/eye movement

31
Q

what brain area first affected when drinking

A

cerebellum

32
Q

addictive drugs release what? in where?

A

dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

33
Q

where do dopamine neurons originate?

A

VTA (ventral tegmental area)

34
Q

nucleus accumbens is important in what?

A

reward pathway

35
Q

Incentive-sensitization model

A

a model of addiction holds that the absence of a drug like alcohol after prolonged use heightens its incentive salience

36
Q

Alcohol increases GABA release and inhibits release of __________ according to the lecture slides.

A

Glutamate

37
Q

The ______________ hypothesis regards alcohol as impairing both hemispheres of the brain more or less equally with all functions disrupted by alcohol to the same extent.

A

generalized/diffuse

38
Q

ALDH2*2 reduces or eliminates _________ function?

A

ALDH

39
Q

random assignment instead of self-assignment avoids what type of biases?

A

self-selection biases

40
Q

Researchers used the balanced placebo design to try to separate the pharmacological and psychological influences on sexual arousal. The results of alcohol expectancy differ for males (Wilson & Lawson, 1976; George & Marlatt, 1986) vs. females (Wilson & Lawson, 1978), such that males expecting alcohol showed ____________ penile tumescence and subjective arousal, and female expectancy ________________ vaginal arousal.

A

greater; did not affect

41
Q

The __________ model is a general model of addictive behaviors and is not limited to drugs which focuses on the affective reactions to strong stimuli.

A

opponent-process

42
Q

symptoms of wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

amnesia, confabulation, ataxia

43
Q

cerebellum is important for…

A

motor coordination and balance

44
Q

two neuroadaptational models

A

opponent-process

and
incentive-sensitizatioin

45
Q

nicotine activates ______ receptors

A

cholinergic

46
Q

alcohol myopia

A

alcohol’s effect to narrow the focus of attention

47
Q

Which brain area in the limbic system plays a key role in hunger, thirst, pain, and sexual activity?

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

Which brain area in the limbic system plays a key role in hunger, thirst, pain, and sexual activity?

A

right hemisphere

49
Q

What research design is used to assess the role of expectancy in the effects of consuming alcohol?

A

balanced placebo design

50
Q

What study found several candidate genes, including GABA, that may contribute to the development of alcohol and/or nicotine dependence?

A

COGA (collaborative studies on genetics of alcoholism)

51
Q

Association studies use ____________ to test whether having a certain allele increases the risk of having a disorder

A

groups of unrelated individuals

52
Q

In a normal brain neurons line up __________, while in an alcohol-exposed brain neurons line up ___________.

A

vertically; randomly

53
Q

Alcohol increases the chloride ion entry into neurons through the actions of ____________.

A

GABA

54
Q

Linkage studies use ____________ who have a disorder to find chromosomal regions that are co-inherited with the disorder.

A

large families with multiple individuals

55
Q

agonist function

A

facilitate neurotransmitter action

56
Q

antagonist function

A

reduce neurotransmitter action

57
Q

breakdown of ethanol

A

ethanol broken down by ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) into Acetaldehyde. Acealdehyde broken down into Water and Acetate by ALDH (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase).

Brain lacks ADH so Cytochrome P450 and catalase takes ADHs place.

58
Q

what does alcohol do to GABA and glutamate

A

increase GABA release

decrease glutamate release

59
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

60
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

61
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

respiratory depression

62
Q

cocaine is a dopamine agonist. this means what….

A

cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake resulting in more dopamine in the synapse

63
Q

alcohol decreases neural funciton by doing what to neurotransmitters…

A

GABA is increased

glutamate is decreased

64
Q

FAS key notes

A

alcohol effects glial cells which help migrate neurons

65
Q

convergent evidence

A

sum of many studies

Psych 265 - Drugs and Behavior (2 decks)

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