Exam 2

Question 1

For dog, which valves are auscultated on the left at:

1) apex
2) base

Answer 1

apex–mitral valve

base–pulmonary and aortic

Question 2

Most common congenital defect in dogs?

Answer 2

PDA

Question 3

What happens with each heart sound?

Answer 3

S1–AV valve close
S2– semilunar valves close

S3–ventricular filling
S4–atrial contraction

Question 4

Which abnormal heart sound is heard in:

1) dogs with DCM
2) Cats with HCM
3) normal horses

Answer 4

1) S3
2) S4
3) S4

Question 5

Split S2 sound is associated with what pathological condition?

Answer 5

pulmonary hypertension

Question 6

Name the pressures in:

1) RA
2) RV
3) Pulmonary artery
4) LA
5) LV
6) aorta

Answer 6

1) 0/3 (avg. 5)
2) 25/0
3) 25/10
4) 2/5 (avg. 10)
5) 120/0
6) 120/80

Question 7

Name the 2 causes of murmurs

Answer 7

1) pressure difference between chambers

2) increased reynold’s number

Question 8

Name 3 characteristics of a puppy murmur

Answer 8

1) SOFT (grade II/III or less)
2) left basilar, systolic
3) gone by 16weeks

Question 9

Most common cause of heart murmur in:

1) cats
2) dogs

Answer 9

1) SAM & DR.VOTO

2) mitral valve disease

Question 10

What do SAM and DR.VOTO stand for?

Answer 10

systolic anterior motion of mitral valve

dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Question 11

Two causes of syncope

Answer 11

1) arrhythmias

2) pulmonary hypertension

Question 12

Most common acquired heart disease in dogs?

Answer 12

MMVD (myxomatous mitral valve degeneration)

Question 13

Name the 3 layers of the mitral valve and what they contain

Answer 13

1) atrialis–elastin
2) spongiosa–proteoglycan
3) fibrosa–collagen

Question 14

What is myxomatous degeneration?

Answer 14

when the leaflets become thickened and nodular

Question 15

two examples of functional mitral regurgitation (MR)

Answer 15

1) enlarged mitral valve annulus (with DCM)

2) systolic anterior motion (SAM) with HCM

Question 16

Severity of MMVD is determined by?

Answer 16

size of the left atrium

Question 17

What 3 things can be used to monitor CHF?

Answer 17

1) sleeping respiratory rate
2) chest x-ray
3) kidney panel

Question 18

Name 4 categories of drugs used when treating CHF

Answer 18

1) diuretic
2) ACE inhibitor
3) positive inotrope
4) vasodilator

Question 19

Type of hypertrophy seen with:

1) pressure overload
2) volume overload

Answer 19

1) concentric

2) eccentric

Question 20

What type of arrhythmias are most common with DCM?

Answer 20

Ventricular

Question 21

This is the ECG finding associated with DCM

Answer 21

LBBB

DCM is most common cause of LBBB

Question 22

ARVC is due to a mutation in what gene?

Answer 22

Striatin

Question 23

How is ARVC staged?

Answer 23

1) sidedness (echo)

2) arrhythmias (holter)

Question 24

What 4 phases make up diastole?

Answer 24

Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid inflow
Diastasis
Atrial contraction

Question 25

Which phases of diastole are active processes?

Answer 25

Isovolumetric relaxation | Atrial contraction

Question 26

What are the 2 phases of systole?

Answer 26

isovolumetric contraction ejection *Both are active processes*

Question 27

Describe how CO is affected with: 1) tachyarrhythmias 2) bradyarrhythmias

Answer 27

1) higher HR, less filling time, lower SV--> overall lower CO 2) lower HR, more filling time, increased SV-->overall lower CO

Question 28

Name 4 factors that can affect stroke volume

Answer 28

incompetent AV valve incompetent aortic valve LV contractility Afterload

Question 29

Which protein is responsible for preventing actin & myosin interaction

Answer 29

Tropomyosin

Question 30

Which ion pump is important for maintaining RMP?

Answer 30

Na/K ATPase | 3Na out/2K in

Question 31

With the Na-Ca exchanger, these ions always move in the same or opposite direction?

Answer 31

OPPOSITE

Question 32

Voltage-gated channels allow ions to move ______ their concentration gradient

Answer 32

down

Question 33

What channel, present in ventricular muscle, is absent in SA node & AV node?

Answer 33

Fast Na channels | depolarization=Ca ions

Question 34

What channels are lacking in atrial muscle cells?

Answer 34

lack a significant Ca channel population

Question 35

What must occur for SERCA to be able to put Ca back into the SR

Answer 35

Phospholamban must be phosphorylated by calmodulin kinase

Question 36

Which to vessels are connected by a PDA

Answer 36

descending aorta | main pulmonary artery

Question 37

PDA presents with what type of murmur?

Answer 37

Left basilar continuous

Question 38

When is surgical closure of PDA not an option?

Answer 38

when the shunting is right to left

Question 39

What ECG findings would be suggestive of SAS?

Answer 39

High R wave amplitude (RVE) LV origin VPCs ST segment depression (indicates endocardial ischemia)

Question 40

Name 3 treatments indicated for SAS

Answer 40

Chronic beta-blocker therapy Anti-arrhythmic therapy balloon valvuloplasty

Question 41

Majority of cases are what grade of PS?

Answer 41

Grade 2 (moderate to severe thickening)

Question 42

This drug helps with R to left shunting by stimulating pulmonary arterial vasodilation

Answer 42

Sildenafil