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Nursing Research > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Epistemology

A

the theory of knowledge; the branch of philosophy that investigates how people know what they know.

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2
Q

Positivist Paradigm

A 
Objective
"real reality"
driven by natural laws
context minimized
aims to describe, predict, explain & control
neutral observer
experimental method
truth sought via replicable observation
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3
Q

Constructivist Paradigm

A 
Subjective
multiple realities
influenced by culture  & environment
context emphasized
aims to describe, understand, transform
active participant
dialogic, transformative
truth determined by individual and group
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4
Q

What paradigm is qualitative research?

A

Constructivist

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5
Q

*Phenomenology

A

Method: Individual’s LIVED experience
Foundation: Philosophy

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6
Q

Bracketing

A

Identify & set aside personal biases

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7
Q

*Grounded Theory

A

Method: Used to develop/CONSTRUCT** a theory
Foundation:
Data collection: Constant comparison*

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8
Q

Modifiability

A

ability to change theory in light of new data

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9
Q

Grounded theory data collection & analysis uses a ___ construct

A

Constant Comparative Construct

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10
Q

Ethnography

A

Method: description of cultural groups or subgroups
Foundation:cultural anthropology
Data collection: Fieldwork/ field notes

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11
Q

*Emic View

A

Insider’s view; view of the participants or members of the social group

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12
Q

*Etic View

A

Outsider’s view; researcher’s interpretation of views about the human social life in a social science perspective

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13
Q

*Ethnography utilizes which kind of data collection

A

Field notes / Field work

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14
Q

Historical Method

A

Method: Systematic compilation of data to describe some past event
Foundation: philosophy, art, science

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15
Q

Basic components to research

A
  • Identify the phenomenon
  • Structuring the study
  • Gathering the data
  • Analyzing the data
  • Describing the findings
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16
Q

*Credibility

A

TRUTH OF FINDINGS are judged by participants and others within the dicipline

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17
Q

*Auditability

A

Accountability as judged by the ADEQUACY OF INFORMATION leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings.

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18
Q

*Fittingness

A

FAITHFULNESS TO EVERYDAY REALITY of the participants, described in enough detailso that others in the discipline can EVALUATE IMPORTANCE FOR THEIR OWN PRACTICE, RESEARCH & THEORY DEVELOPMENT

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19
Q

*Confirmability

A

Findings that reflect implementation of CREDIBILITY, AUDITABILITY and FITTINGNESS standards.

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20
Q

*Trustworthiness

A

Rigor or goodness of data

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21
Q

Triangulation

A

Combining methods, theories, dat sources, or investigators to converge on a single construct.

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22
Q

*Constructivist

A

Truth determined by the individual or cultural group

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23
Q

*Positivist

A

Truth sought via replicable observation

24
Q

Purpose of research design:

A
  • Avoid bias
  • Provide plan to aid in solving problem/question/hypothesis
  • Allows researcher to apply different levels of control so it can be said that the independent variable REALLY changed the dependent variable and not something else
25
Q

Internal Validity

A

Asks if it is the independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable.

26
Q

Threats to internal validity

A 
Selection
Maturation
Testing
Mortality
Instrumentation
27
Q

External Validity

A

Questions the conditions under which the findings may be generalized. Deals with the ability to generalized the findings outside of the study.
-across types of persons, settings, & times.

28
Q

Threats to external validity

A 
Selection effects (Who)
Reactive Effects (where-how)
Measurement effects (how-when-what)
29
Q

3 Characteristics of a true experiment or RCT/Experimental Design Features

A

Randomization
Control Group
Manipulation

30
Q

Types of Experimental designs (Level II)

A

True experimental design
Solomon four-group design
After-only design

31
Q

Experimental Design - Advantages/Disadvantages

A
  • MOST appropriate for testing cause-&-effect relationships
  • Provides highest level of evidence for single studies
  • Not all research questions are amenable to experimental manipulation or randomization
  • Costly
  • Threats to internal validity not controlled by RCT: Subject mortality, Testing
  • Difficult logistics in field settings
32
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

just participating in atrial alters the behavior of the subjects, which can effect validity of study/results.

33
Q

Types of Quasi-experimental design types (Level III)

A
  • Nonequivalent control group design
  • After-only nonequivalent group design
  • One-group (pretest, post-test design)
  • Time series design
34
Q

Quasi-experimental advantages and disadvantages

A
  • Practical and more feasible, especially in clinical settings
  • Some generalizability
  • UNABLE to amke clear cause-and-effect statements
  • May not be able to randomize
  • May control some extraneous variables: A priori by design, statistically
35
Q

Experimental & Quasi-experimental studies offer

A

Strongest evidence for interventions

36
Q

Non-experimental designs (Level IV & V)

A

(are still RESEARCH)

  • No manipulation of an independent variable (independent variables have already occurred)
  • Concepts of control still observed
  • Cohort- subjects of a specific group that are being studied
37
Q

Corhort

A

subjects of a specific group that are being studied

38
Q

Random Assignment controls for?

A

Selection Bias

39
Q

Another name for study weakness is:

A

Limitations

40
Q

The threat to internal validity that is most difficult to control is?

A

Mortality

41
Q

The degree to which study results can be applied to the larger population refers to :

A

External Validity

42
Q

Which type of design controls for the reactive effects of the pretest?

A

Solomon four-group

43
Q

*A true experiment requires:

A

Control
Manipulation
Randomization

44
Q

*What must be present in a quasi-experimental research?

A

Manipulation of a variable

45
Q

*The paradigm guiding a qualitative researcher is:

A

Contructivism

46
Q

*Population

A

a well-defined set that has certain properties

  • People
  • Animals [BENCH SCIENCE]
  • Objects
  • Events
47
Q

*Target population

A

The overall group of subjects or events to which the researcher is interested in generalizing conclusions

48
Q

*Accessible Population

A

The group of people available to the researcher from which to pick a sample

49
Q

*Sampling

A

a process of selecting a portion or subset of the designated population to represent the entire population

50
Q

*Sample

A

a subset of sampling units from a population

51
Q

*Sampling frame

A

a list of all units of the population

52
Q

*Element

A

the most basic unit about which information is collected

53
Q

*Sampling strategies - Probability

A

RANDOM SELECTION

each subject has an equal chance of being chosen to be in the sample

54
Q

*Sampling strategies - Non-Probability

A

NON-RANDOM

55
Q

*Probability sampling - Simple random

A

-Names out of a hat; table of random numbers
-LEAST bias
=population representativeness maximized

56
Q

*Central Limit Theorem

A

Given any parent population, not necessarily normal, having mean u and standard deviation o, the sampling distribution for fixed n which is generated from this population will be approximately normally distributed with mean u and standard deviation of (insert equation)

57
Q

Need what three assumptions for confidence

A
  • Normally distributed
  • Equality of variances
  • Independence of data

Nursing Research (2 decks)

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