Exam 2 Flashcards by Mallory Fredricks

Where is the world’s greatest biodiversity? What is the largest factor contributing to
the current extinction crisis?

tropical rainforest, habitat destruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Natural section results in ______________________

evolutionary adaptations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the 5 types of evidence for evolution.

fossils
anatomical studies of living and extinct organisms
comparative embryology (the study of development) 4. geographical distribution of species
molecular genetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

he classification of organisms into groups is known as ____taxonomy___. The system for classifying species is the__Linnean__ system. What is the hierarchical scheme of classification, and what are the names of your classification

DOMAIN -> KINGDOM -> PHYLUM -> CLASS -> ORDER -> FAMILY -> GENUS -> SPECIES Eukarya -> Animalia -> Chordata -> Mammalia -> Primate -> Hominidae -> Homo -> sapiens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are three characteristics that allowed reptiles to move onto land (become terrestrial)?

Dry, scaly skin that is water proof and does not dry out.
Amniotic egg that is encased in a waterproof shell and has a yolk which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
Lungs that allow breathing outside water.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the advantages of having a skeleton composed of bone rather than cartilage?

Bony skeletons serve as rigid anchors for muscles, tendons and ligaments all of which allow for great range of movement.
Also, a bony skeleton provide structure, strength and rigidity to support an animals body that lives on land.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A large temporalis muscle tends to be associated with a (stronger, weaker) bite. A large masseter muscle tends to be associated with a (greater, lesser) ability to grind and chew.

Temporalis – stronger bite

masseter - greater ability to grind and chew

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between homodont and heterdont?

Homodont describes an animal with teeth that are all similar in shape and size, while heterodonts have more than one type of tooth structure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carnivore –
clouded leopard:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)
 bite (poor, good, exceptional)
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)

carnivore –
clouded leopard:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)?poor
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)?exceptional
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)?good to exceptional – must consider non-bony part of ear
 bite (poor, good, exceptional)?exceptional
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)?poor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

herbivore –
horse and deer:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)
 bite (poor, good, exceptional)
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)

herbivore –
horse and deer:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)?good
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)?poor
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)?good to exceptional – must consider non-bony part of ear
 bite ((poor, good, exceptional)?poor
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)?exceptional

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

omnivore –
bear and pig:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)
 bite (poor, good, exceptional)
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)

omnivore –
bear and pig:
 smell (poor, good, exceptional)?good to exceptional
 sight (poor, good, exceptional)?poor to good
 hearing (poor, good, exceptional)?good to exceptional – must consider non-bony part of ear
 bite (poor, good, exceptional)?good
 ability to grind and chew (poor, good, exceptional)?good

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is ethology vs. behavioral ecology?

Ethology is the formal study of animal behavior. Behavioral ecology is the study of animal behavior within the context of evolution.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a simple definition of behavior?

Behavior is any response to a stimulus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are innate behaviors vs. learned behaviors?

Innate behaviors have a strong genetic component. They do are rigid, and respond predictably and consistently to a specific stimulus. Learned behaviors have less genetic influence and more environmental influence. The vary more that innate behaviors and can change a lot.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define the following types of innate behaviors: reflex, kinesis, taxis.

Innate behaviors:
• reflex behaviors: involve a simple nerve connection that does not include the brain,
automatic, rapid, involuntary reactions to stimulus
• kinesis: change in speed of movement caused by a stimulus
• taxis: directional change of movement caused by a stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define the following types of learned behaviors: imprinting, habituation, conditioning, trial and error learning, and insight learning.

Learned behaviors:
• imprinting: learned attachment to an object, usually a parent
• habituation: decrease or cessation of a response to a frequent or continuous stimulus
• conditioning: an association of a normal irrelevant stimulus to a established behaviors
response
• trail and error learning: learned behavior that is modified by experience
• insight learning: problem solving through reasoning.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most likely evolutionary significance of play behavior?

Play behavior mimics adult behaviors and allows young to practice these behaviors.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the practical applications of DNA fingerprinting?

DNA fingerprinting practical applications:
• criminal cases
• paternity cases
• determine relatedness between a groups of species when trying to understanding the
evolutionary history of this group
• determine relatedness of individuals of the same species in zoo studies to ensure breeding
occurs between unrelated individuals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In order to run a DNA gel, you must first make thousands of copies of DNA. What process is used to make these copies?

PCR – polymerase chain reaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

nucleotide = a sugar, a phosphate and a base

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four nucleotide bases in DNA and how do they pair?

DNA – cytosine pairs with guanine, and thymine pairs with adenine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the complementary strand of DNA?

5’ A A T G G T C C A G C T 3’

complementary strand of DNA
5’ A A T G G T C C A G C T 3’
3’ T T A C C A G G T C G A 5’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does HIV stand for? How about AIDS? What is the difference between the two?

• HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• HIV is the virus that infects an individual and attacks the immune system, specifically the
helper-T-cells of the immune system
• AIDS is the set of symptoms from several opportunistic diseases that infect the body once
the immune system has been compromised by the virus. The immune system does well at fighting back the virus for several years, but in the end, the virus wins out.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the progression of HIV and AIDS after an individual is infected?

After initial infection, the immune system responds to the virus and does a good job at reducing the amount of virus in the body. However, over time the virus builds up again and eventually weakens the immune system to the point where it can no longer fight off common illnesses. The infected individual will then have AIDS and diseases that normally would not be a problem may be fatal. Currently, all known cases of HIV and AIDS are fatal. There are medicines, particularly combinations of medicines that help treat the viral infections and delay the onset of AIDS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If an individual thinks they have been infected with HIV and have a test done that comes back negative, they most likely will be asked to come back in 6 or more months to be tested again. Why?

Upon initial infection, the number of antibodies attacking HIV is low – too low to be picked up in testing. After 6 months, the number of antibodies will have built up to a level that can be detected by testing.

What is epidemiology?

Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread through populations.

Is HIV and AIDS still a problem worldwide? In the US? Does the virus infect only one type of person, e.g., homosexuals, heterosexuals, the poor, the rice? How is HIV spread?

HIV and AIDS are still very problematic worldwide and in the US. The virus doesn’t care about sexual orientation, income, etc. It will attack whatever host is available. HIV is spread when blood is mixed – via intercourse, contaminated intravenous needles, birthing, breast feeding, or contaminated blood transfusions. HIV is NOT spread by casual contact (hand shake, cough, sneezing, etc.) or by mosquito or other insect bits. The virus cannot survive outside the human host body, but once inside, it is a menace.

Back flow between the chambers of the heart through leaky valves is a condition referred to as a. hypertension. c. HDL’s. b. arteriosclerosis. d. a heart murmur.

d – heart mummur

Relatively large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called a. arteries c. bronchioles b. capillaries d. veins

a – arteries

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide occurs in small sacs called a. bronchioles c. capillaries b. alveoli d. trachea

c – capillaries

Which of the following helps prevent heart disease? a. drinking 15 beers on a daily basis c. eating fatty foods in excess b. regular exercise d. smoking

b – regular exercise

The dependent variable in an experiment where the effect of exercise is tested by measuring heart rate under varying amounts of exercise, is a. the average speed at which test subjects run. b. varying amounts of exercise. c. the number of times per minute the heart contracts. d. resting.

c – number of times heart contracts

Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of organization in a multicellular organism? a. cell

Why are unicellular organisms limited in how big they can grow?

When unicellular organisms grow, their volume increases in size faster than their surface (plasma membrane). Multicellularity most likely evolved as a means of solving this volume to surface area problem.

Blood and fat are examples of a. epithelial tissue. c. connective tissue b. nervous tissue. d. muscle tissue

Which of the following organ systems functions in gas exchange (take in O2 and release CO2)? a. digestive b. excretory c. muscle d. respiratory e. reproductive f. skeletal

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a complex net of nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

List what type of stimuli the following receptors respond to AND where you would find them in your body: mechanoreceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors thermoreceptors

mechanoreceptors – pressure or touch - skin photoreceptors – light – eyes chemoreceptors – chemicals – mouth and nose thermoreceptors – heat - skin

If you have a cold, you will find it difficult to distinguish between a. sweet cherry candy and sweet grape candy. b. sour lemon juice and sweet lemon pop. c. salty chips and sweet grape candy. d. salty crackers and sour cream.

What are the four main taste groups?

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

If you walk out into a cold winter day after being in an overheated lecture room, the air will initially feel warmer than it really is. Why?

Your “cold” thermoreceptors have “adapted” to the cold outside and are not firing. When you walk inside, it takes a bit for them to start firing, and only the “warm” are firing which tells your body it is warmer than it really is. Eventually, the “cold” will start up and the balance between the two will allow you to perceive the temperature as it really is.

The two-point threshold (the minimum distance between two points before they are felt as one) on the tip of your finger is most likely __________________ the two-point threshold on the heel of your foot. a. more than c. equal to b. less than d. none of the above

Pain receptors adapt little if at all. Why?

Pain is a way of your body telling you try and stop doing what is causing, and possibly harming your body. Thus, if pain receptors adapted to the pain, you would continue to harm yourself.

Rods sense _____________, cones sense ______________.

Rods sense black/gray/white (work well in dim light), cones sense color (work well in bright light).

Which of the following plays a role in your sense of balance or equilibrium? a. taste c. hearing b. heat d. two-point threshold

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to light T/F

False

Your nose has photoreceptors

False

Muscle tissue is one of the four basic tissue types in the human body

True

You are a unicellular organism with many tissues

False

Your ears play a role in balance and equilibrium

True

Bitter is one of the four basic taste groups

True

Thermoreceptors respond to pressure on the skin

False

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system

True

Humans have a visual blind spot or hole in the visual field of each eye where they see nothing because A. they have no binocular vision B. there is no room for photoreceptors where the optic nerve attaches to the retina C. the brain fills in gaps caused by blind spots and causes color-blindness. D. the rods and cones at the back off the retina cause astigmatism

After being outside on a cold winter day, you walk into a warm building and wash your hands with warm water. You perceive the water temperature as warmer than it really is because A. your Kansas receptors are mad that you are not living in Southern California during the winter B. your cold thermoreceptors have "adapted" to the outside winter cold C. your warm thermoreceptors have "adapted" to the warm building heat D. your cold thermoreceptors have "adapted" to the warm building heat E. your warm thermoreceptors have "adapted" to the outside winter cold

Which of the following is incorrect regarding organ systems A Tissues combine to make organs, which in turn make up organ systems B Most multicellular organisms have organ systems C The excretory organ system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and helps in eliminating wastes and regulating salts D Organ systems combine to make cells

Which or the following is incorrect when explaining multicellularity? A. Unicellular organisms cannot grow to the large size seen in some multicellular organisms (think whale and oak tree) B. As cells grow larger, their volume increase faster than the surface are of their plasma membrane C. Organisms get bag by increasing their plasma membrane and keeping their cell numbers to minimum D. Multicellular organisms have specialized cells that combine to form functional units

Your fingertip has a smaller two point threshold than the back of your hand, why? A. The back of your hand is more sensitive to touch than your finger tip B. The back of your hand has more thermogreceeptors than your fingertip C. Your fingertip plays a role in your sense of balance D. Pressure sensitivity was greater in the fingertip than the back of the hand

A pump

Heart

Organ that functions in gas exchange

Lung

Blood vessel that takes oxygen away from the heart

Artery

Heart disease associated with high blood pressure

Hypertension

Has two kinds -- open and closed; humans have the closed kind

Circulatory system

Fluid that carries stuff like gasses and nutrients around the body

Blood

Why do you elevate a sprained ankle? A. To decrease blood flow, thus decreasing swelling B. Increase blood flow, increasing swelling C. Increase heart rat, increasing amount of CO2 going to ankle D. Bad advice -- run around instead

The left ventricle has the most muscle surrounding it because... A. it has to be stronger to pump blood to entire body B. it has a heart defect that causes poor circulation C. it contains oxygen poor blood D. it has to be stronger to pump blood to the lungs

``` Blood is pumped from the ______ to the left ventricle. The blood in these two chambers is __________. A. left vena cava; oxygen rich B. Left atrium; oxygen poor C. Left atrium; oxygen rich D. Right ventricle; oxygen poor E. Right Atrium; oxygen poor ```

Gas exchange is the function of the respiratory system and the lungs and specifically occurs... A. in the bronchi of heart B. in the alveoli which are blind sacs at the end of the bronchi branches C. in the trachea where the capillary walls are on cell thick D. in the nose which is why humans get so many colds

Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary vein

small blood vessels where CO2 and O2 are exchanged between blood and the body

Capillaries

Caused by a leaky valve between an atrium and a ventricle

Heart murmur

Has a core of RNA instead of DNA

retrovirus

Study of how diseases spread through a population

Epidemiology

A component of a nucleotide along with a sugar and a base

Phophate

Shape of DNA

double helix

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AIDS

Part of the human immune system that HIV attacks

Helper T cells

Which of the following is incorrect with regards to HIV and AIDS? A. HIV is a virus whose genetic stuff is DNA rather than RNA B. People living in the US are at risk of getting HIV C. HIV can be spread through sexual contact or injection drug use D. People who test negative are advised to retake the test in 6 months

``` What determines how far a DNA fragment moves in gel electrophoresis? A. Polymerase chain reaction B. the age and number of fragments C. the size and charge of the fragment D. type of stain used ```

DNA is composed of... A. amino acids with different numbers of fatty acid tails B. two RNA strands liked by chemical bonds C. steroids with cholesterol as the main component D. nucleotides with sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base E. monosaccharides that link to gather to form a starch

Complementary sequence? | GGATACCATGCC

CCTATGGTACGG

``` HIV A. results in AIDS B. infects the brain cells C. can be cured with vaccine D. can be cured with antibiotics ```

Which of the following is correct regarding restriction enzymes? A. restrict movement of DNA in gels B. Cut DNA into fragments C. help in the replication of DNA D. restrict DNA under the age of 21 from being used in the gel

In DNA, Adenine pairs with... A. Guanine B. Thymine C. Cytosine

True or False: | A reflex behavior involves learning and reasoning

False

True or False: | Behavioral ecology is the study of behavior within an ecological context

true

True or False: | Humans have innate behaviors

true

The evolutionary significance of play behavior in animals is most likely to a. procrastinate. b. allow young to practice critical adult behaviors. c. move away from light. d. annoy parents.

part of skull that holds eye (eye sockets)

orbit

internal body temperature regulated by outside temperature

ectotherm

muscle associated with grinding and chewing food

masseter

result of natural selection

evolutionary adaptations

vertebrate with four limbs, e.g., lizard

tetrapod

describes an animal with more than one tooth structure type

heterodont

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding animal behavior? a. Humans exhibit innate behaviors as well as learned behaviors. b. Hunter-gatherer groups used knowledge of animal behavior to hunt more successfully. c. Behavioral ecology is the study of behavior within the context of evolution. d. Imprinting is a directional change in movement caused by a stimulus.

A turtle will draw its head back into its shell when its shell is touched. If touched repeatedly without receiving any harm, the turtle no longer pulls its head into its shell. This is an example of a. reflex behavior b. habituation c. taxis d. kinesis

Many web-building spiders are able to build complex webs shortly after hatching. The web-building process follows a specific sequence, and mutations in certain genes can disrupt this building sequence. This is an example of a. imprinting b. learned behavior c. innate behavior d. trial and error learning

Insight learning is a. seen only in humans. b. behavior modified by an unpleasant experience. c. not influenced by genetics or environment. d. solving problems through reasoning.

Geese attach to a vertical object, usually their parents, during a critical period just after hatching. This represents what type of behavior? a. trial and error learning b. imprinting c. dysfunctional d. learning by orphaned geese

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding innate behaviors? a. Innate behaviors have a strong genetic component. b. Reflex behaviors are a type of innate behavior. c. Innate behaviors tend to vary less than learned behaviors. d. Trial and error learning is a type of innate behavior.