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Biology 102 (Lab) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the fact that as size increases in cells, the volume of the cell grows faster than the outer surface area?
A. Larger unicellular organisms engulf smaller unicellular organisms to get bigger.
B. Multicellular organisms most likely evolved as the nucleus of unicellular plants began to function as a cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs
C. Unicellular organisms are limited in how big they can grow
D. Cells of multicellular organisms aren’t limited in how big they can grow

A

C

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2
Q

The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells evolved
A. When lots of prokaryotic cells fused together to become a multicellular bacterium
B. as the basic unit of life, and all organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells
C. because cells are limited in how large they can grow
D. when larger prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller ones and the two formed a relationship beneficial to both

A

D

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3
Q 
Which of the following is correct?
A. all bacteria have DNA
B. all bacteria are eukaryotic
C. all the cells in your body have chloroplasts
D. all cells are multicellular
A

A

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4
Q

Just as your car converts gas to energy, cells must get energy from food. Which organelle functions to convert food into energy

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

When viewing a specimen using a compound microscope, the specimen will appear to move backward and to the right if you move it …

A

forward and to the left

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6
Q

One way to characterize bacteria is based on shape. Which of the following is not one of these shapes?

  • bacillus
  • spirillum
  • coccus
  • tetrahydrus
A

tetrahydrus

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7
Q

A ___ is a cell organelle unique to plant cells and functions _____

A

chloroplast; as the site where sunlight energy is converted to glucose

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8
Q

enzymes

A

speed up chemical reactions

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9
Q

carbs

A

sugars

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10
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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11
Q

yeast

A

living organism used to make bread, beer, wine

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12
Q

biochemistry

A

study of the chemistry of life

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13
Q

ATP

A

product of cellular respiration and fermentation

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14
Q

A facultative anaerobe coverts glucose to ATP …

A

preferably by cellular respiration but can by fermentation when oxygen is scarce

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15
Q

What was the independent variable in the fermentation lab?

A

various types of sugars used

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16
Q

Which is incorrect about a catalysts as a group?

A

catalysts are isomers of glucose and galactose

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17
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration occurs in an anaerobic environment

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18
Q

The rate of fermentation was determined …

A

by the amount of CO2 produced, a byproduct of fermentation

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19
Q

Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

A

In sucrose, the chemical bond that holds together the glucose and fructose

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20
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT with regard to mitosis?
a. Mitosis occurs in most of the cells throughout your body.
b. Mitosis results in daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
c. Mitosis is the cell division that allowed you to grow from a single-celled zygote into a multicellular adult
form.
d. Mitosis helps in healing, such as repairing damaged tissues from cuts and abrasions.
e. Mitosis occurs only in the ovaries and testes.

A

e

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21
Q

One aspect of Metaphase I that differs from Metaphase II is

a. it immediately follows synthesis in the cell cycle.
b. this phase is unique to sperm.
c. homologous pairs and not sister chromatids line up on the metaphase plate.
d. no spindle apparatus is involved.
e. it only occurs in mitosis.

A

c

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22
Q

Gap 1

A

2n with non-duplicated chromosomes

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23
Q

sister chromatid

A

chromosome and its duplicate attached at a centromere

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24
Q

independent assortment

A

random way homologues line up on metaphase plate

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25
Q

crossing-over

A

a form of genetic recombination

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26
Q

end of meiosis

A

haploid with non-duplicated chromosomes

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27
Q

prophase of mitosis

A

2n with duplicated chromosomes

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28
Q

genetics

A

study of how genes are passed from one generation to the next

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29
Q

fertilization

A

how the single-celled 2n zygote that was you came to be

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30
Q

While mitosis is crucial to life, what is the harmful result if your body is unable to regulate mitotic cell division?

a. cancer
b. fertilization
c. riots
d. growing a second head
e. gap1

A

a

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31
Q

Which of the following is a picture of all the chromosomes in an individual?

a. heterozygous
b. karyotype
c. recessive
d. sex-linked

A

b

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32
Q

True or False:

Phenotype is the observable characteristics or traits of an individual.

A

True

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33
Q

True or False:

In humans, the sex chromosomes of a female are X and Y.

A

False

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34
Q

Hypothesis?

Claude Monet was the best impressionist artist of the 1800’s.

A

No

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35
Q

Hypothesis?

Adolf Hitler was possessed by demons.

A

No

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36
Q

Hypothesis?

Humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than gorillas.

A

Yes

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37
Q

Hypothesis?

Aspirin affects the risk of heart attacks.

A

Yes

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38
Q

conclusion

A

interpretation of results obtained in an experiment

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39
Q

bacteria

A

can live almost anywhere

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40
Q

independent variable

A

graphed on the horizontal or x-axis

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41
Q

scientific hypothesis

A

Humidity affects hair.

42
Q

continuous variable

A

weight of newborn babies

43
Q

scientific observation

A

Molly observed that her hair became curly on humid days.

44
Q

biology

A

a subdiscipline of science

45
Q

control

A

independent variable withheld

46
Q

replication

A

ensures results are not thrown off by chance

47
Q

scientific prediction

A

If humidity effects hair, then hair will curl on humid days.

48
Q

List two criteria of a good scientific hypothesis.

A

1) It is an educated guess based on objective observations.

2) It is testable.

49
Q

In your own words, summarize the three rules that govern science.

A

1) Systematic and orderly study
2) Study of the physical/material world and natural phenomena (as opposed to the spiritual world or supernatural phenomena).
3) Use of various approaches including observation, experimentation, and theoretical investigations.

50
Q

What are the five basic steps of the scientific method?

A

1) Make an observation.
2) Form a hypothesis.
3) Test the hypothesis.
4) State the results of the testing, including your interpretations about what the results mean.
5) Retest old hypothesis or form new one.

51
Q

If you move the slide to the right, what happens to the lettering?

A

The lettering appears to move to the left.

52
Q

If you move the slide forward what happens to the lettering?

A

The lettering appears to move backwards.

53
Q

Circle which of the following are present in these bacterial cells?

  • DNA
  • nuclei
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosomes
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
A

DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall

54
Q

Circle which of the following are present in these cheek cells (animal cells).

  • DNA
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • large central vacuole
A

DNA, mitochondria, ribosomes

55
Q

Compare and contrast a Stentor to a Rotifer. How are they alike? How do they differ?

A

Both are about the same size and feed using cilia. However, the Stentor is only one cell compared to the Rotifer which is composed of thousands of cells, and has complex organ systems.

56
Q

4x objective = ___

A

40x

57
Q

10x objective = ___

A

100x

58
Q

40x objective = ___

A

400x

59
Q

100x objective (oil immersion) = __

A

1000x

60
Q

ribosome

A

helps decode DNA

61
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration

62
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

workbench for protein assembly

63
Q

cell wall

A

rigid wall outside of plasma membrane

64
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

65
Q

lysosome

A

digests waste material

66
Q

cytoplasm

A

inner material of cell

67
Q

vacuole

A

large fluid-filled sac

68
Q

Monosaccharides (examples)

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

69
Q

Disaccharides (examples)

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

70
Q

Polysaccharide (examples)

A

starch

71
Q

saccharide

A

substrate and independent variable

72
Q

ATP

A

small energy packets resulting from fermentation or cellular respiration – the breakdown of glucose (large energy store) – to small usable energy

73
Q

aerobic

A

environment in which cellular respiration takes place

74
Q

cellular respiration

A

primary process by which YOUR cells get energy

75
Q

yeast

A

living study organism

76
Q

replication

A

avoids inaccurate results due to chance error

77
Q

enzyme

A

speed up a chemical reaction such as the breakdown or conversion of a sugar

78
Q

Which of the following best describes the cell during Gap 1?

a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated

A

c

79
Q

Which of the following best describes the cell immediately AFTER synthesis?

a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated chromatids
e. 4n

A

d

80
Q

Which of the following has lined up on the metaphase plate in mitosis?

a. duplicated chromosomes
b. sister chromatids
c. homologous pairs
d. both a & b

A

d

81
Q

When the identical strands were still attached they represented _________, but during anaphase they pulled apart, and each separated strand represents ____________.

a. homologues, a homologous pair
b. sister chromatids, a chromosome (non-duplicated)
c. homologues, a duplicated chromosome
d. sister chromatids, a duplicated chromosome

A

b

82
Q 
Which of the following best describes each of the cells AFTER mitosis and
cytokinesis?
a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids 
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated chromatids
e. 4n
A

c

83
Q

Which of the following has separated during anaphase I of meiosis I?

a. homologous pairs
b. sister chromatids
c. nuclear membrane
d. brother chromatids

A

a

84
Q

Which of the following best describes each new “cell” AFTER meiosis I?

a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated chromatids
e. 4n

A

b

85
Q

Which of the following has separated during anaphase II of meiosis II?

a. homologous pairs
b. sister chromatids
c. nuclear membrane
d. step-brother chromatids

A

b

86
Q

Which of the following best describes each new cell AFTER meiosis II and cytokinesis?

a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated chromatids
e. 4n

A

a

87
Q

Which of the following best describes the new cell immediately AFTER fertilization?

a. n
b. n with duplicated chromatids
c. 2n
d. 2n with duplicated chromatids
e. 4n

A

c

88
Q

During fertilization __________________ unite to form a __________________.

a. diploid gametes, diploid zygote
b. haploid gametes, haploid zygote
c. diploid gametes, haploid zygote
d. haploid gametes, diploid zygote

A

d

89
Q

Mitosis is more like meiosis II than meiosis I. Explain why.

A

Mitosis is more like meiosis II because during metaphase and anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids line up and separate. Similarly during metaphase II and anaphase II of meiosis, sister chromatids also line-up and separate. Meiosis I is less like mitosis because during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis, homologues line-up and separate.

90
Q

chromosome number

A

constant and characteristic of a species

91
Q

sister chromatids

A

duplicated chromosome

92
Q

zygote

A

result of fertilization

93
Q

interphase

A

Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2

94
Q

centromere

A

attachment point of sister chromatids

95
Q

spindle apparatus

A

helps move chromosomes during division

96
Q

homologues

A

similar yet not identical chromosomes

97
Q

similar yet not identical chromosomes during…

A

anaphase I of meiosis

98
Q

sister chromatids separate during…

A

anaphase of mitosis & anaphase II of meiosis

99
Q

chromosomes are duplicated

A

synthesis stage of cell cycle

100
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a situation where a single phenotypic character is determined by the additive effects of two or more genes?

  • incomplete dominance
  • pleiotropy
  • polygenic inheritance
  • codominance
A

Polygenic inheritance

Biology 102 (Lab) (2 decks)

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