Exam 2 Flashcards
ID IDEA definition
characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning
has significant limitations in adaptive behaviors as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
manifests itself before age 18 (during the developmental period)
must adversely affect educational performance
ID prevalence
8.9%
in 100 students, you might have 1 student with this disability
4 levels of ID - MILD
largest group
anywhere up to 85% of students w/ this disability
in the public schools
4 levels of ID - MODERATE
also in the public schools
in full time special education
4 levels of ID - SEVERE AND PROFOUND
these students often have multiple disabilities
placed in alternative schools
Causes of ID
Prenatal - chromosomal disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, developmental disorders of brain formation, environmental influences
Perinatal - anoxia, low birth weight, infections
Postnatal - biological, psychosocial
Down Syndrome
prenatal cause of ID, chromosomal disorder
most common form of ID that is present at birth; not transmitted genetically
an anomaly of the 21st set of chromosomes - a triplet rather than a pair; also called trisomy 21
thick epicanthal folds in corners of eyes, making eyes appear to slant upwards; small in stature; decreased muscle tone; hyper-flexibility of joints; small mouth; short and broad hands; heart defects; susceptibility to upper respiratory problems
IQ - moderate range
risk increases w/ age of mother (mostly); can also include age of father, exposure to radiation, and some viruses
Fragile X Syndrome
prenatal cause of ID, chromosomal disorder
second most common form of ID
associated w/ the X chromosome in the 23rd pair; bottom of X chromosome is pinched off in some of the blood cells
occurs less in females than in males
large head; large, flat ears; long, narrow face; prominent forehead; broad nose; prominent, square chin; large hands
usually in the moderate range of intellectual disabilities
some, especially females, score in the normal range of intelligence
Prader-Willi Syndrome
prenatal cause of ID, chromosomal disorder
inherited from father, minority from mother
infants lethargic and have difficulty eating
about 1, obsessed w/ food
leading genetic cause of obesity
short stature; heart defects; sleep disturbances; scoliosis
fall w/in mildly intellectually disabled range
some w/ IQs in the normal range
Williams Syndrome
prenatal cause of ID, chromosomal disorder
absence of material on the 7th pair of chromosomes
intellectual disabilities in mild to moderate range
often have heart defects; unusual sensitivity to sounds; “elfin” facial features
typically occurs w/out any prior family history
people who have it CAN pass it on
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
inborn error of metabolism, prenatal cause of ID
inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
results in abnormal brain development
put on special diets to prevent it
Microcephalus
developmental disorder of brain formation, prenatal cause of ID
head is abnormally small and conical in shape
ID ranges from severe to profound
life expectancy is short
Hydrocephalus
developmental disorder of brain formation, prenatal cause of ID
results from accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain
results in excessive pressure on the brain and enlargement of the skull
degree of ID depends on how early diagnosed
treated w/ surgical placement of a shunt that drains excess fluid to abdomen, or insertion of device that causes fluid to bypass the obstructed area
environmental influences on ID
maternal malnutrition
fetal alcohol syndrome - abnormal facial features, growth retardation, ID
infections in mother - rubella (German measles): potential cause of blindness and ID, most dangerous during first trimester of pregnancy
anoxia
perinatal cause of ID
complete deprivation of oxygen during delivery
low birth weight
perinatal cause of ID
can result in a variety of behavioral and medical problems
usually defined at 5.5 lbs or lower
infections passed during childbirth
perinatal cause of ID
syphilis
herpes simplex
biological causes
postnatal cause of ID
meningitis - an infection of the covering of the brain caused by a variety of bacterial or viral agents
encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain, results more often in ID and usually affects intelligence more severely
lead poisoning
psychosocial causes
postnatal cause of ID
raised in poor circumstances
extreme cases of abuse, neglect, understimulation
inadequate exposure to stimulation adult-child interactions, poor teaching, lack of reading skills
heredity can also play a role
Prevention
DS - abortion; genetic counselling to determine likelihood
FXS - genetic counselling, not always diagnosed
DDBF - shunt before birth
IEM - testing for PKU, diet
environmental - WIC, vaccinations, education
c-sections
ultrasounds for cord around neck - anoxia
vitamins and antibiotics
church, headstart, babies being held
characteristics of ID
2 types
- intellectual functioning
- adaptive abilities
IQ of 70 +/- 5
- speech delayed in development, not an extensive vocab, difficulty w/ pronunciation
- lack of reduction in reasoning, impulsive
- Bloom’s taxonomy; ID students dwell in basic information and knowledge
- slower intellectual development
- better w/ concrete than abstract
- trouble w/ classifying and generalization
- cannot read social cues
- do not rehearse (study/memory)
Main Goal for ID
habilitation
helping them to live as independently as possible
“the process of becoming capable; developing the skills necessary for successful adulthood”
often requires prioritization on the part of educators
additional goals and treatment for ID
self-determination - choice
work habits - following directions, task completion, group work
behavioral, social interactions - respect, what is acceptable
general academics - functional academics
ADHD prevalence
3-5% of ALL k-12
DSM Criteria for ADHD
- a pattern of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes w/ functioning
- symptoms present before age 12
- symptoms present in 2 or more settings
- symptoms interfere w/ functioning; academic, social, & occupational
- symptoms don’t occur exclusively during psychotic episode (not better diagnosed as another disorder)
ADHD definition - OHI
“other health impairments”
- limitations in strength, vitality, or alertness due to chronic or acute health problems
- or comorbid condition - 2 or more disabilities at the same time
types of ADHD
predominantly inattentive
predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
combined
characteristics of inattentive
- don’t/can’t pay attention
- don’t listen to directions
- don’t retain/recall info
- forgetful
- careless work
- easily distracted
- hypoactivity
- daydreaming
characteristics of hyperactivity
- loud
- can’t sit still
- outbursts
- faster speaking
- fidgeting
- restless
- careless work (too fast)
characteristics of impulsivity
- easily distracted
- inappropriate behaviors/words
- many mistakes
- don’t consider consequences
- defiant
- blurt out/say things w/out thinking
- intrusive
- poor decision making
Developmental Delay of Inhibition
kids w/ ADHD respond to feelings rather than facts
poor concept of time
trouble w/ problem solving
multi-modal treatment
- medication: HS students often stop; sometimes prevents students from learning to manage; ritalin, adderall, straterra
- education: understanding their disability & how it affects them; more likely to make compensations
- coaching: keeping them accountable; intensive training
- organizational training: color coding (for example)
- behavior management: goal - self-management
ADHD self-management
cognitive behavior
contingency based SM (“if/then…” = rewards)
self-monitoring
self-evaluation
EBD general definition
student must meet one or more of the 8 characteristics listed in IDEA, DSM, and EDM over a long period of time, to a marked degree, and it must adversely affect educational performance
students w/ EBD
often called “emotional support students”
their IEPs have a behavior plan
they can have just emotional needs, just behavioral disorders, or both
students w/ emotional needs
bipolar, depression, anxiety
more “fragile”
don’t do well with upheaval
the “bullied” kids
students w/ behavioral disorders
aggressive
act out
fight
the “bullies”
prevalence of EBD
8.7% of students w/ disabilities
characteristic of EBD: 1
inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors
characteristic of EBD: 2
inability to build or maintain satisfactory relationships w/ peers, teachers, and others
spans/pervades all settings and situations
charac. of EBD: 3
inappropriate behavior or feelings under normal circumstances - not previously diagnosed highly volatile not characteristic of age/grade stark contrasts - aggressive / complacent - impulsive / reserved - defiant / withdrawn - disorganized / perfectionist - lack of empathy
charac. of EBD: 4
general pervasive mood of unhappiness/depression
not previously diagnosed
multidisciplinary team oversees all situations and can then recommend diagnosis
characterized by
- significant changes in mood, energy, behavior
- unhappiness / depression
- feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, wanting to die
- irritability, aggression, hostility
- apathetic / pessimistic
- contemplating suicide –> evaluate immediately
charac. of EBD: 5
tendency to develop physical symptoms associated w/ personal or school problems
can’t find actual reason for these symptoms / unaware of the problem
auditory/visual hallucinations
excessive absences/tardiness
anxiety, panic, irrational fears
psychosomatic illnesses and headaches (tummy aches)
trouble sleeping
sometimes will self mutilate
charac. of EBD: 6
tendency to develop fears associated w/ personal or school problems
anxiety reactive disorder - not previously diagnosed
seek referral
exaggerated worry, tension
realize it’s excessive, cannot stop
fatigue, headache
muscle aches
problem swallowing
tremble/twitch
sweat/hot flashes
light headed, nauseated, frequent bathroom trips, depression, social anxiety, panic disorder
