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Motor Learning and Human Performance > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Schemas

A

rules governing motor performance

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2
Q

Generalized Motor Programs

A

a program that produces flexible and novel movements in various demensions

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3
Q

2 Types of Errors

A

technical or tactical error

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4
Q

Technical Error

A

error in performing the desired skill

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5
Q

Tactical Error

A

execute correctly but at wrong time or in the wrong environment

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6
Q

2 Types of Memory

A

recall memory or recognition

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7
Q

Recall Memory

A

responsible for generation of the impulses to the muscles that carry out the movements

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8
Q

Recognition Memory

A

responsible for the evaluation of the response

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9
Q

2 Types of Schemas

A

recall or recognition

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10
Q

Recall Schema

A

is a set of rules that selects parameter values for specific movement and initiates the goal-directed performance

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11
Q

2 Aspects to Practice

A

number of trials and variability of practice

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12
Q

Number of Trials

A

lots of practice

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13
Q

Variability of Practice

A

for open and changing environments

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14
Q

Recognition Schema

A

is a set of rules used to assess and compare outcome with parameters selected, using sensory information to store future corrections

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15
Q

Efference Copy of Errors

A

copy of motor responses in the CNS

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16
Q

All Motor Skills Are Comprised of 4 Actions

A
  1. Response Specifications
  2. Initial Conditions
  3. Actual Outcomes
  4. Sensory Consequences
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17
Q

Response Specifications

A

what one needs to do to perform the actual movement

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18
Q

Initial Conditions

A

location in space, environmental state

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19
Q

Actual Outcomes

A

knowledge of results

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20
Q

Sensory Consequences

A

kinesthesis et al.

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21
Q

Practice Schedules

A
  1. Block
  2. Serial
  3. Random
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22
Q

Block

A

88888
3333
44444

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23
Q

Serial

A

834834834

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24
Q

Random

A

38293629364

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25
Q

Gentile 2 Stages

A
  • getting the idea of the movement

- fixation and diversification

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26
Q

Getting the Idea of the Movement

A

discriminate relative environmental factors

  • regulatory conditions
  • non-regulatory conditions
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27
Q

Fixation and Diversification

A
  • fixation

- diversification

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28
Q

Fixation

A

correctly, consistently, efficiently, perform

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29
Q

Diversification

A
  • adaptability (performance for that environment)
  • be consistent in achieving goal
  • economy of effort
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30
Q

Record of Performance

A
  • error index (how many errors you made)
  • accuracy index (how many you got right)
  • objective (ex. amount of weight lifted)
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31
Q

Linear Curve

A
  • never occur
  • every measurement =positive change
  • every x = consistent change in y
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32
Q

Negatively Accelerated Curve

A
  • for simple skills
  • easy skill
  • skill way beneath level of proficiency
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33
Q

Positively Accelerated Curve

A
  • difficult task
  • complex task
  • tasks beyond your current capabilities
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34
Q

S Shaped Curve

A
  • most common

- performance is fluating due to many POVs

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35
Q

3 Time Performance Levels

A
  • plateau
  • asymptotes
  • ceiling/flooring effect
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36
Q

Plateau, Asymptoes, Ceiling/Flooring Effect

A

leveling off in performance

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37
Q

Plateau

A

due to POV’s

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38
Q

POV’s

A
  1. correctly identify the POV
  2. intervene with an evidence based intervention
  3. implement some strategy based on evidence and evaluate
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39
Q

Asymptoes

A

due to being in the final autonomous phase

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40
Q

Ceiling/Flooring Effect

A

due to a flaw in the artifact in the scoring situation

-floor effect is the same but the result is getting better

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41
Q

Deciding Tasks

A
  1. Objective
  2. Valid
  3. Reliable
  4. How much you practice before the test
  5. what are you going to test
  6. how you are going to measure
  7. performance artifacts
  8. what conditions are you gonna test them
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42
Q

Objective

A

can 2 or more people measure it and come to the same conclusion

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43
Q

Valid

A

does it measure what it is suppose to measure

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44
Q

Reliable

A

can the measurement be repeated

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45
Q

Performance Artifacts

A

POVs and how you deal with them

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46
Q

number of “tests”

A

highest estimation of change and highest estimation of reliability
-3-5 or 4-6 best number of points

47
Q

Perception

A

cognitive process, CNS, 2 or more steps

48
Q

Sensations

A

single step and it simply activities of sense organs

49
Q

5 Step Process - Sally and Gardner

A
  • perceptional expect
  • attending
  • receiving
  • trial and checking
  • consolidate the stimuli
50
Q

Perceptional Expect

A

preparatory stage

51
Q

Attending

A

direct your attention toward where you think the stimuli to be

52
Q

Receiving

A

actual neurological activity and experience sensations

53
Q

Trial and Checking

A

verify and analyze what you sense by comparing to past information

54
Q

Consolidate the Stimuli

A
  • give meaning
  • make sense
  • generate response
55
Q

Hierarchy to Perceptional Process

A
  • detection
  • discrimination
  • recognition
  • identification
56
Q

Detection

A

detecting stimuli and making sense of it

57
Q

Discrimination

A

difference between two or more stimuli when presented at the same time

58
Q

Recognition

A

difference between two or more objects at different times

59
Q

Identification

A

unique or novel stimuli

60
Q

Reflex Time

A

from the time the stimulus is presented until the movement is initiated with no will, no judgement or perceiver, no learning

61
Q

Reaction Time

A

moment the stimulus is presented until you make the initial movement with will

62
Q

Simple Reaction Time

A

one stimulus and one correct response

63
Q

Choice Reaction Time

A

more than one stimulus and you have to make the one correct response choice

64
Q

Movement Time

A

moment you initiated movement to the time that the movement is completed

65
Q

Response Time

A

moment stimulus presented to movement is completed

66
Q

Pre-Motor Time

A

processes you attend to before you move

67
Q

Motor Time

A

anything that occurs after first initial movement

68
Q

Anticipation Timing

A

coordinate and synchronize a motor response with some external event

69
Q

Receptor Anticipation

A

client has to assess duration of external events

70
Q

Effector Anticipation

A

how long it takes to execute what you need to execute to respond to the receptor

71
Q

Coincident Timing

A

whole thing of receptor and effector anticipation

72
Q

Perceptional Anticipation

A

highly dependent on learning and I have to learn to look for regularity and consistency of the stimulus

73
Q

Internal Timing

A

how long the proper sequencing of movement is needed

74
Q

External Timing

A

proper sequencing so that it coincides with the external event

75
Q

Why Anticipate?

A
  • move before
  • action plan
  • faster and more accurate decision making
76
Q

Improve Anticipate

A
  • access and address the most important cue
  • teach clients to predict and know opponents tendencies
  • understand the probabilities of certain events
77
Q

Errors in Anticipation

A
  • incorrectly anticipation = slower reaction time
  • inaccurate read of environment then the performer has to make up ground
  • major contributor to bad habits
78
Q

Types of Anticipation

A

Spatial or Temporal Anticipation

79
Q

Spatial Anticipation

A

what will hapenn

80
Q

Temporal Anticipation

A

when environmental events occur

81
Q

Processing/Attention

A

controlled or automatic

82
Q

Controlled

A

effort full, slow, attention demanding, sequential, occurs before or after processing events, voluntary, easily disrupted

83
Q

Automatic

A

faster, doesn’t demand much attention, little interference, occurs in parallel function, involuntary, highly practice, proficient, expert

84
Q

Information Processing Under High Arousal

A
  • perceptional narrowing
  • cue utilization few important cues of if too relaxed you take in too many cues
  • increase rigid attention
  • revert to attention strength
85
Q

Psychology Refractory Period

A

delay in responding to the second of the two closely spaced stimuli

86
Q

Double Stimulation Paradigm

A
  • makes fakes realistic so the performer has to execute a response
  • execute so the fake occurs and then the more planned desirable movement occurs next
  • motor program
87
Q

Hick’s Law

A
  • as the number of alternatives increase the amount of time to prepare an appropriate response also increases
  • as the predictable increases the reaction time goes down
  • action preparation means the action occurs between the intent and the intention
88
Q

Cost Benefit Trade Off

A
  • 50/50
  • 80%
  • 20%
89
Q

50/50

A

of perceiving correctly ( go or no go response)

-you will read as though it is a 2 choice reaction time

90
Q

80%

A

chance of being correct

-faster reaction time for opponent

91
Q

20%

A

guessed wrong

-more ground to make up and slower

92
Q

Vigelance

A

maintaining attention in a performance situation in which stimuli requiring your response happens infrequently

93
Q

Visual Acuity

A

degree of detail you can see

94
Q

Dynamic Visual Acuity

A

degree of detail you can see when the object is moving

95
Q

Field of/ Peripheral Vision

A

that which you can see without changing your field of vision

96
Q

Depth Perception

A

ability to judge distance between the object and the backdrop

97
Q

Monocular Cues

A

one eye

98
Q

Binocular Cues

A

two eyes

99
Q

Figure Ground

A

ability to distinguish the object from the background

100
Q

Field Independent

A

object then the background

101
Q

Field Dependent

A

more influenced by the background

102
Q

Visual Tracking

A

ability to follow a moving object

103
Q

Visual Centering

A

focus your attention to where your center of gravity is

104
Q

Hard Focus

A

one specific focal point

105
Q

Soft Focus

A

more inclusive non specific focus

106
Q

Glare Resistance

A

resistance to bright lights

  • light colored eyes are more susceptible
  • not trainable
  • behavioral cope with it
107
Q

Speed of Visual Preception

A

time it takes to identify some stimuli in the environment

108
Q

Visual Search

A

the process of directing your visual attention to locate relevant environmental information to help you prepare and perform an action

109
Q

Eye Dominance

A

visual equivalent of handiness and it control our ability to aim and direct our focus

  • 85% dextal (right and right)
  • 15% cross-dextal (right and left)
110
Q

3 Invariant Features of GMP

A
  • relative time
  • relative force
  • order of sequence of components
111
Q

Relative Time

A

proportion of total time required by each of the various components of the skill

112
Q

Relative Force

A

varies depending on action

113
Q

Order of Sequence of Components

A

timing and correct order

Motor Learning and Human Performance (3 decks)

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