Exam 2

Question 1

Use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement. Leadership involves social influence.

Answer 1

leadership

Question 2

“The history of the world was the biography of great men” – Thomas Carlyle

Answer 2

“The Great Man” Theory of Leadership

Question 3

You need to be aware that you have been programmed by society to think that certain people are “leaderlike.”

Answer 3

leader emergence

Question 4

Leader effectiveness is more related to what a leader does than what a leader looks like

Answer 4

leader effectiveness

Question 5

Generally described as “if you do this, I will do that

• You make mistakes, I will take action
• You do your job, I will pay you
• Generally oriented toward goal attainment, and not welfare of followers
• Effective in the present

Answer 5

transactional leadership

Question 6

Wait around for mistakes, then take corrective action

Answer 6

Passive Management

Question 7

Attain follower agreement on what needs to be done using rewards in exchange for adequate performance

Answer 7

contingent reward

Question 8

A “motivational” approach to leadership
-Inspires followers to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work
-Serves as a role model
Helps followers develop their own potential
-Views problems from new perspectives

Answer 8

transformational leadership

Question 9

providing followers with a sense of meaning and challenge in their work; communicating a clear and compelling vision and showing followers how they are a part of it

Answer 9

inspirational motivation

Question 10

encouraging followers to question assumptions, explore new ideas and methods, and adopt new perspectives

Answer 10

intellectual stimulation

Question 11

acting as a role model; holding followers’ trust by acting consistently and showing dedication to them

Answer 11

Idealized influence

Question 12

showing interest in followers’ well-being; providing individual attention to each follower’s needs for achievement and growth

Answer 12

individualized consideration

Question 13

Ability to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence in return
-Does not mean he or she will actually choose to do so

Answer 13

power

Question 14

Formal authority over work activities

• Based on hierarchy & job description
• Specified in a formal document

Answer 14

legitimate power

Question 15

Controlling resources valued by others

• Material, money, equipment, desirable tasks, schedule, etc
• Not just control, but also willingness to provide these resources

Answer 15

reward power

Question 16

Authority over punishment, fueled by fear of negative consequences
Dismissal, demotion, unpleasant tasks

Answer 16

coercive power

Question 17

Derived from being liked, respected, and admired by others

-Leads to identification with the powerful person, role-modeling

Answer 17

referent power

Question 18

Having unique task-relevant knowledge & skill

• Can have a dark side – keeping
• procedures/techniques secret, using jargon

Answer 18

expert power

Question 19

Energetic forces inside and outside of someone that:

• Prompt work-related effort; and
• Determine this effort’s direction, intensity and persistence.

Answer 19

motivation

Question 20

giving something good for desired behavior

Answer 20

postive reinforcement

Question 21

removing something bad for desired behavior

Answer 21

negative reinforcement

Question 22

doing something bad for undesired behavior

Answer 22

punishment

Question 23

Side effects of punishment
Inhibits other behaviors, relationships
Elicits negative emotion

Answer 23

behaviorism

Question 24

Theory is generally supported, but has problems. Does not drive much current research.
-Makes intuitive sense, useful to think about

Answer 24

expectancy theory

Question 25

Belief that effort will result in performance | “If I try harder, I’ll perform better”

Answer 25

expectancy

Question 26

Belief that performance will result in outcomes | “If I perform better, I’ll be rewarded for it”

Answer 26

instrumentality

Question 27

Belief that outcomes are valuable | “I want the rewards that I will earn”

Answer 27

valence

Question 28

Energize & direct behavior | Increase persistence

Answer 28

Why are goals effective?

Question 29

Better for more complex tasks | Increase effort, persistence, learning, well-being

Answer 29

intrinsic

Question 30

Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Answer 30

personality

Question 31

“I am always prepared; I pay attention to details; I get chores done right away; I am exacting in my work; …”

Answer 31

Conscientiousness

Question 32

Desire to be accepted in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality “I am interested in people; I take time out for others; I sympathize with others’ feelings; I feel others’ emotions; …”

Answer 32

agreeableness

Question 33

A tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance “I am relaxed most of the time (R); I seldom feel blue (R); I have frequent mood swings; I worry about things; …”

Answer 33

Neuroticism

Question 34

Tendency to be imaginative, curious and creative “I have a rich vocabulary; I have a vivid imagination; I am quick to understand things; I am full of ideas; …”

Answer 34

openness to experience

Question 35

A tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation “I am the life of the party; I don’t mind being the center of attention; I talk to a lot of different people at parties; …”

Answer 35

extraversion

Question 36

Psychological response to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person’s capacity or resources

Answer 36

stress

Question 37

Various demands that tax a person’s resources

Answer 37

stressors

Question 38

The resulting consequences of exceeding a person’s capacity or resources

Answer 38

strains

Question 39

Opportunities for learning, growth, or achievement - Time pressure - Work responsibility - job complexity

Answer 39

Challenge stressors

Question 40

Demands that generally hinder progress toward accomplishment or attainment - Work overload - Role ambiguity - Role conflict - Daily hassles

Answer 40

hindrance stressors

Question 41

physical activities to deal with a stressful situation

Answer 41

behavioral method

Question 42

thoughts involved with dealing with stress

Answer 42

cognitive method

Question 43

thoughts involved with dealing with stress

Answer 43

problem focused method

Question 44

focus on managing reactions to the situation

Answer 44

emotion focused method

Question 45

More likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful

Answer 45

differential exposure

Question 46

Less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors that they experience

Answer 46

differential reactivity