Exam 2

Question 1

Jainism Worldview

Answer 1

Human: jiva, spiritual soul
Problem: weighed down by karma
Cause of problem: activity, actions that burden jiva
End goal: becoming jina/kevalin, liberation from bondage to karma
Means: self-denial, non-injury, non-attachment
Reality: dualism of matter and spirit
Sacred: spiritual atheism, think gods exist but don’t help with transformation

Question 2

Hinduism Worldview

Answer 2

Human: karmic self
Problem: attachment, 
Cause of problem: desire, ignorance
End goal: liberation and enlightenment via cycle of rebirth
Means: the way of dharma
Reality: cycle of rebirth, samsara
Sacred: diversity of views

Question 3

Theravada Buddhism Worldview

Answer 3

Human: soullessness/dependent origination
Problem: life is suffering
Cause: suffering is caused by craving
End goal: extinction of craving
Means: eightfold path of middle way
Reality: impermanence
Sacred: spiritual atheism

Question 4

Kisa Gotami and the Parable of the Mustard Seed

Answer 4

daughter fell ill/died, went to Buddha for help, told her to go find someone with a mustard seed who hadn’t experienced loss, couldn’t find anyone, loss is inevitable

Question 5

eightfold path

Answer 5

right belief – correct view of nature of reality
right aspiration – freed mind of sensual desire
right speech – no gossip
right conduct – no killing, drugs, etc.
right means of livelihood – forbidden occupations
right endeavor – unwholesome action with negative karma
right mindfulness – observation of oneself
right meditation – calmness

Question 6

five theories of grief

Answer 6

Freud
Worden
Dual Process
Personal Growth
Continuing Bonds

Question 7

Bardo Thodol

Answer 7

Tibetan Book of the Dead, used for rituals by lamas who perform 49 day funerals for the dying, guides a deceased spirit through cycle of rebirth

Question 8

Hindu cremation

Answer 8

performed by Ganges River
takes 3 hours to burn completely
performed by oldest son
led by brahmin
9 day ritual
followed by celebration

Question 9

rites of passage theory

Answer 9

*Arnold Van Gennep
Ritualistic events that take place to give new status within society, proposal of pre-liminal, liminal, post-liminal stages (separation, transition, incorporation)

Question 10

three margas of Hinduism

Answer 10

karma marga – path of ritual action
jnana marga – path of knowledge
bhkati marga – path of devotion

Question 11

karma marga

Answer 11

ritual action, Vedic tradition
Aryan religion tradition, emphasis of fire sacrifices, developed with different fires and chants of hymns of praise, Rig Veda produced around 1200 BCE, Brahamanas produced ritual explanations, based on ritual action and ritual knowledge, microcosmic models of macrocosmic reality

Question 12

bhkati marga

Answer 12

Vedic rituals, Upanisadic path of knowledge
Vedic scripture, relies on human effort, 2 BCE, third path emerged and focused on worship of deities, became dominant form of Hinduism, “taste sugar not become sugar”, householders*

Question 13

jnana marga

Answer 13

Upanisadic path of knowledge
worldly life and after life are on a continuum, after 800 BCE, viewpoint and values of Vedic tradition were challenged by scriptures from Upanisads, reflected attitudes of teachers who lost their confidence in value of rituals and rewards, goal was to distinguish permanent and impermanent, escape samsara, four stages of life, pay debts, three upper classes are entitled to study Vedic rituals, laws of Manu in effect once householder is older (becomes forest-dweller, goal: cessation of rebirth