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Death & Immortality > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

religion(Young definition)

A

human transformation in response to perceived ultimacy

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2
Q

mysticism

A

practice/belief in direct experience

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3
Q

theism

A

belief in existence of personal god

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4
Q

monotheism

A

belief in one all-powerful god

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5
Q

atheism

A

rejection of personal gods

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6
Q

Hinduism

A

involves an end goal/state to work towards
problem: trapped by karma
cause of problem: desire and ignorance
end goal: moksha (liberation from cycle of rebirth)
means: paths of action, devotion, knowledge

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7
Q

henotheism

A

many gods, one dominant

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8
Q

pantheism

A

all reality is god

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9
Q

monism

A

impersonal ultimacy is characterized by absolute unity

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10
Q

secular religions

A

Marxism

Capitalism related to consumerism

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11
Q

seven questions

A

1) what does it mean to be human?
2) what is the basic human problem?
3) cause of the problem?
4) end goal/transformation?
5) means of transformation?
6) nature of reality?
7) what is the sacred?

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12
Q

anthropocentric

A

human-centered religion

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13
Q

biocentric

A

centered on all living beings together

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14
Q

ecocentric

A

all reality together

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15
Q

traditional south Asian worldview (Hinduism)

A

laws/principles of karma (humanity has “karmic” self)
cause and effect
different from western ideas of moral accountability
problem: attachment
cause: desire and ignorance
end goal: liberation and enlightenment from cycle of rebirth
means: way of the dharma
reality: cycle of rebirth

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16
Q

dharma

A

proper order of things, principles of conduct implied by order, when not observed: chaos

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17
Q

kalpas

A

universe undergoes passing through ages

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18
Q

moksha

A

culmination of life, ultimate goal

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19
Q

karmic religions

A

eastern

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20
Q

astrahamic religions

A

western

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21
Q

atman

A

eternal, unchanging soul, “smaller than a grain of rice but larger than all worlds, not defined by space”

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22
Q

samsara

A

cycle of rebirth

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23
Q

dharma (two words)

A

right conduct

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24
Q

artha

A

material gain

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25
Q

kama

A

pleasure (sexual)

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26
Q

moksha

A

liberation from cycle of rebirth

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27
Q

samadh

A

state of absorption

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28
Q

bhakti yoga

A

way of devotion, particular god is ultimate, preliminary to highest form of spiritual attainment

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29
Q

puja

A

expressions of devotion

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30
Q

jnana yoga

A

way of knowledge, intuitive experience of ultimate

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31
Q

guru

A

spiritual teachers

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32
Q

karma (Brodd)

A

law of causation

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33
Q

phala

A

result of any action

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34
Q

dharma (Brodd)

A

prescribed religious/rituals law/obligations

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35
Q

renouncer

A

usually male, gives up previous self and attachments, takes formal monastic vows/funeral rites, death of previous self/persona

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36
Q

four stages of life

A

1) celibate student
2) householder
3) hermit
4) renouncer

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37
Q

three debts

A

1) seers (study Vedas as student)
2) gods (offerings as householder)
3) ancestors (birth son as householder, perform ancestral rites)

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38
Q

varna system

A

ordering society itself

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39
Q

ashrama system

A

organize life of individual

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40
Q

brahmins

A

priests (the purest of people)

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41
Q

kshatriyas

A

warriors and kings

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42
Q

vaishyas

A

commoners and merchants

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43
Q

shudras

A

servants

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44
Q

harijans

A

children of god

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45
Q

jati

A

birth

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46
Q

dalits

A

different by region, bottom of the hierarchy, oppressed group

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47
Q

four aims of life

A

dharma: duty and ethics, living in harmony
2) kama: fulfillment of desire
3) artha: wealth and abundance
4) moksha: liberation and enlightenment

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48
Q

mārgas

A

paths

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49
Q

karma mārga

A

path of ritual action

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50
Q

jnana mārga

A

path of knowledge

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51
Q

bhkati mārga

A

path of devotion

52
Q

Hopkins views on Hindu death

A 
universal, biological
afterlife is fuzzy
no single view of death and afterlife
Vedic sacrificial tradition
NOT monotheistic
fire sacrifices
53
Q

sapindtkarana

A

post-cremation rituals, performed by eldest son of deceased

54
Q

upanisads

A

reflected attitudes of teachers, Vedic priests, Aryan ruling class

55
Q

gita

A

the Hindu bible, one version of path of devotion

56
Q

Elmore approach to contemporary Hinduism

A

space between life and death isn’t significant, homes must be filled with photos of deceased, religion is fluid, no single deity, no founding figure, no authoritative text, varies at social location, conservation in preservation of tradition

57
Q

raurava

A

lie hell

58
Q

karma (Hopkins, 3)

A

1) transmigration – samsara
2) personal duty – dharma
3) fate – kismat

59
Q

caring for the dead

A

visit relatives
religious text readings
travel to sacred places
maintaining of ritual duty for as long as possible
people have to die outside on ground of cow dung and banana leaves with water in their mouth
cremation is normal

60
Q

people you can’t cremate

A 
kids under 5
pregnant women
lepers
snake-bitten victims
renunciates
suicide victims
smallpox
61
Q

preta

A

disembodied ghost

62
Q

materials for communication

A

small stone
inscriptions
water tap

63
Q

cumai tank

A

memorials dedicated to women died in pregnancy or childbirth

64
Q

sūt

A

string died at site of accident to where body was found (for car accidents)

65
Q

maśānì

A

death specialist

66
Q

dying as a Hindu in England

A

shortage of priests
ritual innovation
dying in modern hospital causes for issues (communication, ritual)

67
Q

Siddartha Guatama

A

founder of Buddhism, nicknamed “Buddha”

68
Q

four passing sights

A

sorrowful old man
diseased man
dead man carried on a funeral pyre
monk in a yellow robe

69
Q

Buddha

A

“one who had woken up”

70
Q

nirvana

A

state of no desire

71
Q

four noble truths

A

life is suffering
cause of suffering is desire
not trapped, release is possible
release is through eightfold path

72
Q

sangha

A

Buddhist order of monks

73
Q

ten precepts (basically the ten commandments)

A 
ahmisa (refrain from taking own life)
do not take what is not given
be chaste
don't lie
don't take intoxicants
consume in moderation, never after noon
don't sing/dance
no tattoos or piercings
no reclining
don't accept gold/silver
74
Q

Pali Canon

A

sacred text

75
Q

tripitaka

A

three baskets

76
Q

“three baskets”

A

vinaya pitaka
abidhamma pitaka
sutta pitaka

77
Q

vinaya pitaka

A

disciplinary regulations, guidelines

78
Q

abidhamma pitaka

A

higher philosophy, analysis of nature of existence

79
Q

sutta pitaka

A

teachings, discourses

80
Q

two branches of Buddhism

A

Therevada

Mahayana

81
Q

Therevada

A

“way of the elders”, purest and most authentic

82
Q

Mahayana

A

more liberal, started in India, spread to East Asia via missionaries, “the Large Vehicle”

83
Q

anatman

A

no eternal self

84
Q

skandhas

A 
form
feelings
perception
volitions
awareness
85
Q

Parable of the Mustard Seed

A

Kisa Gotami’s son dies, she goes to Buddha to see if there’s anything she can do to save him, tells her to go look for someone with a mustard seed who hasn’t encountered loss, she realizes loss is just something that has to happen

86
Q

arhant

A

follows Buddha, is enlightened, overcome attachment and desire

87
Q

eightfold path

A

right belief – correct view of nature of reality
right aspiration - freed mind of sensual desire
speech - no gossip
conduct - no killing, drugs, etc.
means of livelihood - forbidden occupations
endeavor - unwholesome action with negative karma
mindfulness - observation of oneself
meditation - calmness

88
Q

sila

A

morality

89
Q

samadhi

A

concentration

90
Q

prajna

A

wisdom

91
Q

stupas

A

dome/bell structures with disks, important at pilgrimage sites

92
Q

anilla

A

all reality is impermanent

93
Q

two possibilities of rebirth

A

aspect of psyche is born into new body

state of nirvana achieved

94
Q

anatta

A

no soul

95
Q

gandhabba

A

mental complex essential to birth

96
Q

worldview of Therevada Buddhism

A

reality: impermanence
sacred: spiritual atheism
human: soullessness/dependent on origination
problem: life is suffering
cause: suffering is caused by craving
end goal: extinction of craving
means: eightfold path of middle way

97
Q

samura

A

warriors

98
Q

shogun

A

central leader

99
Q

kamikaze

A

Japanese for “divine wind”

100
Q

three ages of dharma

A

age of authentic dharma
false/counterfeit dharma
“final” dharma

101
Q

prajna

A

teachings on transcendent non-dual wisdom

102
Q

sunyata

A

emptiness

103
Q

worldview of Mahayana Buddhism

A

problem: deceive self into thinking we’re not Buddha
cause: viewing self as separate from observing, becoming attached to pleasures
means of transformation: self-discovery
end goal: find truth win, experience same kind of awakening as Buddha

104
Q

roshi

A

zen master

105
Q

lama

A

superior one, teacher

106
Q

famous Buddhist text

A

Bardo Thodol

107
Q

Bardo Thodol

A

rituals used for dying person

108
Q

two stages of Tibetan body disposal

A

temporary burial: deposit in a special chamber

final burial: remains are enclosed in container

109
Q

four burial methods

A

sky burial
water burial
ground burial
cremation

110
Q

tsatsa

A

remains turn into figurines

111
Q

length of time for cycle of rebirth

A

49 days, body cremated after 8 days

112
Q

laukika

A

world/exotic way of coming to terms with grief

113
Q

lokottara

A

monastic/esoteric way of coming to terms with grief

114
Q

Jainism founder

A

Nataputta Vardhamana, nicknamed Mahavira

115
Q

of Jains around the world

A

approx 4 million

116
Q

beginning location

A

Mumbai, India

117
Q

jina

A

great teacher

118
Q

tirthankaras

A

cross finders/makers, originally 24, someone who found successful means for finding a way to go beyond cycle of rebirth, serves as an example

119
Q

ahisma

A

noninjury

120
Q

agmas

A

sacred text of Jainism, any body of teachings handed down by unbroken succession of sages

121
Q

two major sects of Jainism

A

shvetambara

digambara

122
Q

shvetamabara

A

remembered sermons, discourses of Mahavira

123
Q

digambara

A

original teachings of Mahavira are lost, essence is preserved

124
Q

jiva

A

spiritual soul, by nature are all-knowing, eternal, blissful, perfect

125
Q

worldview of Jainism

A

problem: “weighed down” by actions (karma)
cause: activity
end goal: become conqueror, all-knowing
means of transformation: self-denial, noninjury
reality: dualism of matter and spirit
sacred: spiritual atheism

126
Q

five great vows

A 
renounce killing of all living things
renounce viles of lying speech via anger
renounce taking things not given
renounce sex
renounce all attachments

Death & Immortality (3 decks)

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