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Biology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ harvest energy directly from the environment, and obtain carbon from inorganic molecules.

A

Autotrophs

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2
Q

Plants and most other autotrophs make their own food by ____________, a process which uses the energy of sunlight to assemble carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

Animals and other ________ get energy and carbon by breaking down organic molecules assembled by other organisms.

A

Heterotrophs

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4
Q

1) ______________ is part of an electromagnetic spectrum of energy radiating from the sun.
- Travels in 2)_______
- Organized in 3)_______

A

1) visible light
2) waves
3) photons

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5
Q

___________ the distance between the crests of two successive waves of light (nm)

A

wavelength

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6
Q

Shorter wavelength have _______ energy

A

greater

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7
Q

Different wavelengths form

A

colors of the rainbow

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8
Q

Photosynthesis uses wavelengths of ____-____ nm

A

380-700

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9
Q

_________ an organic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific wavelengths

A

pigments

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10
Q

________

  • the most common photosynthetic pigment.
  • Absorbs violet and red light (appears green)
A

Chlorophyll a

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11
Q

Chlorophyll and accessory pigments absorb

A

most wavelengths of visible light

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12
Q

Certain electrons in pigment molecules absorb photons of light energy, ____________________________________

A

boosting electrons to higher energy level

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13
Q

____ is captured and used for photosynthesis

A

energy

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14
Q

Photosynthetic pigments works together to

A

harvest light of different wavelengths

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15
Q

__________ identified colors of light that drive photosynthesis (violet and red) , by using a prism to divide light into colors - algae using these wavelengths gave off the most oxygen.

A

Engelmann

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16
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a process which uses the energy of sunlight to assemble carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
A. Aerobic respiration
B. Heterotrophy
C. Metabolism
D. Photosynthesis
A

D. Photosynthesis

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17
Q 
\_\_\_\_ is a product of photosynthesis.
A. carbon dioxide
B. Light energy
C. Oxygen
D. water
A

C. Oxygen

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18
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a product of aerobic respiration.
A. Glucose
B. Heat energy
C. light energy
D. Oxygen
A

B. Heat energy

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19
Q 
The shorter wavelengths of visible light will tend to \_\_\_\_\_
A. appear red
B. appear blue or violet
C. produce infrared radiation
D. have less energy
A

B. appear blue or violet

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20
Q 
Chlorophyll is a pigment that appears green because it absorbs\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. all wavelengths of light
B. green light
C. no light
D. Violet and red light
A

D. Violet and red light

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21
Q 
Where in the plant cell are chloroplasts found?
A. In the cell membrane
B. In the cytoplasm
C. In the stroma
D. In the thylakoids
A

B. In the cytoplasm

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22
Q 
The two photosystems of the light dependent reactions are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. type 1 and type 2
B. Photosystem A and Photosystem B
C. Photosystem 680 and Photosystem 700
D. Photosystem I and Photosystem II
A

D. Photosystem I and Photosystem II

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23
Q 
The electrons for photosynthesis come from\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. ATP
B. glucose
C. Chlorophyll a
D. H20
A

D. H2O

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24
Q 
Plant cells release hydrogen ions and oxygen from H2O molecules in\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. ATP synthesis
B. Photosystem I
C. Photosystem II
D. The light- independent reactions
A

C. Photosystem II

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25
Q

The proteins associated with the light -dependent reactions are located_____.
A. on the outer membrane of the chloroplast.
B. In the stroma
C. On the thylakoid membrane
D. throughout the cytoplasm

A

C. on the thylakoid membrane

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26
Q 
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from \_\_\_\_\_.
A. Carbon dioxide
B. glucose
C. water
D. atmospheric oxygen
A

C. water

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27
Q

Most photosynthetic organisms use a _____________ to drive photosynthesis.

A

combination of pigments

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28
Q

An ______________ shoes which wavelengths each pigment absorbs best.

A

absorption spectrum

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29
Q

Organism in different environments use different ______.

A

pigments.

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30
Q

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

A
  • Fewer hours of sunlight
  • Decreased chlorophyll production
    • eventually stops
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31
Q

In plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in _______
- prokaryotes have different types of plastids.

A

chloroplasts

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32
Q

________ is an organelle that specializes in photosynthesis in plants and many protists.

A

chloroplast

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33
Q

_______

  • folded membrane that make up thylakoids
  • Contains clusters of light-harvesting pigments that absorb photons of different energies and covert light energy into chemical energy ( First stage of photosynthesis.
A

Thylakoid membrane

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34
Q

________

  • A semifluid matrix surrounded by the two outer membranes of the chloroplast.
  • Sugars are built in the stroma ( second stage of photosynthesis.
A

Stroma

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35
Q

_________- _____ part (- first stage)

  • noncyclic pathway
  • cyclic pathway
  • Make ATP
    • And NADPH
A

Light- Dependent part

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36
Q

______-_______ part (- second stage)

- use ATP to make glucose

A

Light- Independent part

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37
Q

1) _______-______ reactions convert light energy of chemical bonds.
- photons boost electrons in pigments to higher energy levels.
2) ____-_____ complexes absorb the energy.

A

1) Light dependent

2) Light harvesting

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38
Q

Electrons are released from special pairs of ___(1)____ molecules in ___(2)_____

A

1) chlorophyll a

2) Photosynthesis

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39
Q

Electrons may used in _____ or ______ pathways of ATP formation.

A

noncyclic or cyclic

40
Q

__________ ( type __ or type ___) contain “special pairs” of chlorophyll a molecules that eject electrons

A

Photosystems ( type I or type II)

41
Q

Electrons lost from photosystem __ are replaced by _______ of water molecules.
- the process by which light energy breaks down a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen.

A

Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by photolysis of water molecules.

42
Q

Electrons from a photosystem enter an ____________________ (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane.

A

Electron transfer chain

43
Q

In the ___, electron energy is used to build up a ________ across the membrane.

A

In the ETC, electron energy is used to build up a H+ gradient across the membrane.

44
Q

____ flows through ________, which attaches a phosphate group to ADP ( i.e, ________)

A

H+ flows through ADP synthase, which attaches a phosphate group to ADP ( i.e, phosphorylation)

45
Q

ATP is formed in the ______ by chemiosmosis, or ___________________.

A

ATP is formed in the stroma by chemiosmosis, or electron transfer phosphorylation

46
Q

Electrons from the first electron transfer chain ( from ________ ) are accepted by ________.

A

Electrons from the first electron transfer chain ( from photosystem II) are accepted by photosystem I

47
Q

Electrons ejected from ________ enter a different electron transfer chain in which the coenzyme NADP+ accepts the electrons forming _______.

A

Electrons ejected from photosystem I enter a different electron transfer chain in which the coenzyme NADP+ accepts the electrons and H+ forming NADPH.

48
Q

_______ and _______ are the energy products of light dependent reactions in the noncyclic pathway.

A

ATP and NADPH

49
Q

When NADPH accumulates in the stroma

A

the noncyclic pathway stalls

50
Q

A cyclic pathway runs in ___________ to make ATP; electrons are cycled back to photosystem I and ______________

A

A cyclic pathway runs in type I photosystems to make ATP; electrons are cycled back to photosystem I and NADPH does not form

51
Q

__________________ is a light-driven reaction that attaches a phosphate group to a molecule.

A

Photophosphorylation

52
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, electrons move from _____ to _______, to _______, to ______

A

from water to photosystem II, to photosystem I to NADPH

53
Q

In cyclic _______________, electrons cyclic within photosystem I

A

photophosphorylation

54
Q

The ______-________ reactions of the Calvin- Benson Cycle are the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis.

A

light -independent

55
Q

_________ enzyme- mediated reactions that build sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

Calvin- Benson cycle

56
Q

________ Extraction of carbon atoms from inorganic sources (atmosphere) and incorporating them into an organic molecule

A

Carbon fixation

57
Q

Carbon fixation builds _____ from Carbon dioxide.

A

glucose

58
Q

Carbon fixation uses bond energy of molecules formed in light- dependent reactions ( ___, ____)

A

ATP, NADPH

59
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of converting inorganic carbon to an organic molecule.
A. Carbon fixation
B. Light Harvesting
C. Carbon transfer
D. Phosphorylation
A

A. Carbon fixation

60
Q 
The light- independent reactions\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Fix carbon dioxide
B.  Release oxygen
C. Cannot occur in light
D. generate ATP
A

A. Fix Carbon dioxide

61
Q

Actual assembly of sugars during photosynthesis does NOT_______.
A. Occur during the light- independent reactions
B. Takes place in the stroma
C. Require NADPH
D. Produce ATP

A

D. Produce ATP

62
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a product of the light- independent reactions?
A. ADP
B. NADP+
C. Oxygen
D. Glucose
A

C. oxygen

63
Q 
All of the following products of the light- dependent reactions are used in the light- independent reactions EXCEPT for
A. O2
B. electrons 
C. NADPH
D. ATP
A

A. O2

64
Q 
The C4 Pathway \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Causes photorespiration
B. Involves the activity of rubisco
C. Is common for plants in cool, wet climates
D. Fixes carbon twice
A

D. fixes carbon twice

65
Q 
The CAM Pathway \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Involves only the Calvin-Benson cycle
B. Is used by plants in humid regions 
C. Involves only the C4 cycle
D. needs day and night for completion
A

D. Needs day and night for completion

66
Q 
Aerobic respiration produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Carbon Dioxide; water
B. Oxygen; water
C. Oxygen; carbon dioxide
D. Glucose; carbon dioxide
A

A. Carbon dioxide; water

67
Q

The enzyme _____ attaches to Carbon dioxide (CO2) to RuBP

  • Forms two 3- Carbon PGA molecules
  • PGAL is formed
  • PGAs receive a phosphate group from ATP, and hydrogen and electrons from NADPH
  • Two PGAL combine to form a 6-Carbon sugar.
A

Rubisco

68
Q

_____ is regenerated

A

Rubisco

69
Q

______

  • small openings through the waxy cuticle covering epidermal surfaces of leaves and green stems
  • allows C02 in and O2 out
  • Close on dry days to minimize water loss
A

Stomata

70
Q

_______

  • plants that use ONLY the Calvin Benson cycle to fix carbon
  • Forms 3- Carbon PGA in Mesophyll cells
  • Most common and the most efficient at photosynthesis in cool, wet, climate
  • Example: barley
A

C3 plants

71
Q

When Stomata are closed water is ______.

A

conserved

72
Q

But when stomata are closed carbon dioxide and oxygen ______.

A

Can’t leave

73
Q

When stomata are closed, CO2 needed for _______-______ reactions cant can’t enter , O2 produced by ______-_____ reactions can’t leave.

A

When stomata are closed, CO2 needed for light-independent reactions can’t enter, O2 produced by light-dependent reactions can’t leave

74
Q

What happens at high product concentrations?

A

Photorespiration

75
Q

_________

  • At high O2 levels, rubisco attaches to Oxygen instead of carbon ( rubisco is inhibited)
  • CO2 is produced rather than fixed.
  • Makes photosynthesis inefficient
A

Photorespiration

76
Q

________
- Plants that have AN ADDITIONAL SET OF REACTIONS FOR SUGAR PRODUCTION on dry days when stomata are closed; compensates for inefficiency of rubisco.

A

C4 Plants

77
Q

In C4 plants carbon is fixed twice: once in _____ cells and again in ____ ____ cells.

A

Mesophyll cells and again in Bundle sheath cells

78
Q

C4 plants are most efficient at photosynthesis in _____ climates and some examples of C4 plants are corn, switch grass and bamboo

A

hot, sunny climates

79
Q

_________ (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
- Plants with an alternative carbon-fixing pathway that allows them to conserve water in climates where days are hot.
- Forms 4- Carbon oxaloacetate at night, which is later broken down to CO2 for sugar production.
Example: Succulents, cactuses.

A

CAM Plants

80
Q

__________

  • Bacteria or archaea
  • Deep sea vents
  • Use inorganic energy sources for Carbon- Fixation
  • Hydrogen sulfide, Elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia
A

Chemoautotrophs

81
Q

_______ metabolic pathways ( using oxygen) are used by most Eukaryotic cells.

A

Aerobic

82
Q

______ metabolic pathways (which occur in the absence of oxygen) are used by prokaryotes and protists in anaerobic habitats.

A

Anaerobic

83
Q

Aerobic respiration:
Three stages-
- _____ ( occurs in cytoplasm)
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Acetyl- CoA formation and Krebs cycle
- Electron transfer phosphorylation (ATP formation)
- Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 carry electrons and hydrogen.

A

Glycolysis

84
Q 
1) In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Cannot occur in light
B. Fix Carbon Dioxide
C. Generate ATP
D. Release Oxygen
A

B. Fix Carbon

85
Q 
All of the following products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis reactions of photosynthesis are used in the light-independent reactions except for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. ATP
B. electrons
C. NADPH
D. O2
A

D. O2

86
Q

______________ and ________ both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

A

Aerobic respiration and fermentation

87
Q

_________ is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

A

Fermentation

88
Q

_________ is completed in mitochondria, yielding 36 ATP per glucose molecule

A

Aerobic respiration

89
Q

Glycolysis

_____ are used to split glucose and form 2PGAL, each one with a phosphate group.

A

2ATP

90
Q

Glycolysis

Enzymes convert 2PGAL to 2PGA, forming______

A

2NADH

91
Q

Glycolysis

Four ATP are formed by the substrate level phosphorylation (_________)

A

net 2ATP

92
Q

_____-___ ends with the formation of two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.

A

Glycolysis

93
Q

In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, enzymes split (1)______, forming (2)______ and carbon dioxide (which diffuses out of the cell)
- (3)______ is formed

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. acetyl CoA
  3. NADH
94
Q

1) _________

- A sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions that breakdown 2)_______ into3) ________

A
  1. Krebs cycle
  2. acetyl CoA
  3. 2 carbon dioxide
95
Q

______________

  • occurs in mitochondria
  • results in attachment of phosphate to ADP to form ATP
A

Electron transfer phosphorylation

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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