exam 1 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
________ An interconnected system of many protein filaments- some permanent, some temporary.
- extends between nucleus and cell membrane.
- parts of the cytoskeleton reinforce, organize and move cells structures, or even a whole cell.
A
Cytoskeleton
2
Q
________ plastids specialized for photosynthesis.
-Resembles photosynthetic bacteria; May have evolved by endosymbiosis.
A
Chloroplasts
3
Q
_______ Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae, includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts.
A
plastids
4
Q
_________ Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration.
-Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer compartment; build up of hydrogen ions (H+) in the outer compartment drives ATP Synthesis. Has its own DNA and ribosomes and resembles bacteria. May have evolved through endosymbiosis.
A
Mitochondria
5
Q
_______A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by ER(endoplasmic reticulum)
-Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes.
A
Golgi Bodies
6
Q
_______Occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cells interior
- stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, and toxins.
- Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm.
A
Central Vacuole
7
Q
_______ Vesicles with various functions depending on cell type.
-many isolate or dispose of waste, debris, and toxins.
A
Vacuoles
8
Q
________ Vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest waste materials.
A
Lysosomes
9
Q
_________ Vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, alcohol, and toxins.
A
peroxisomes
10
Q
_____- small, membrane- enclosed saclike organelles that store or transport substances.
A
Vesicles
11
Q
- _________ ER ( with ribosomes) Folds polypeptides into their tertiary form.
- ______ ER ( No ribosomes) makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates, and lipids, detoxifies poisons.
A
- Rough
2. Smooth
12
Q
________ An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous folded compartment
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
13
Q
______ A single DNA molecule with its attached proteins
- during cell division, they condense and become visible in micrographs.
- Humans boy cells have 46
A
Chromosomes
14
Q
_______ all DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus
A
chromatin
15
Q
________ A dense region in the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA
A
Nucleolus
16
Q
_______ Viscous fluid inside the nuclear envelope, similar to cytoplasm.
A
Nucleoplasm
17
Q
_____ two lipid bilayers pressed together as a single membrane surrounding the nucleus.
- outer bilayers is continuous with the ER
- Nuclear pores allow certain substances to pass through the membrane.
A
Nuclear envelope
18
Q
________ consist mainly of the protein ACTIN
- make up the cell cortex
- Major component of muscle cells
A
Microfilaments
19
Q
_______ Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.
A
Motor proteins
20
Q
Microtubles grow from barrel shaped centriole, which remains in the cytoplasm below a _____
A
basal body
21
Q
What is distinctive about the Secondary cell walls of mature plant cells?
A
Lignin
22
Q
Cilia and Flagella are most similar in their_______________________
A
Internal composition and structure
23
Q
What item below is unique to eukaryotic cells? A. Ribosomes B. Vacuole C. nucleoid D. Cell Wall
A
B. Vacuole
24
Q
______ are direct connections of cytoplasm between animal cells
A
gap junctions
25
_______ controls substances passing in and out of the cell
plasma membrane
26
_______ A chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
Polypeptide
27
Levels of protein structure
1.
- The unique amino acid sequence of a protein
2.
- The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between amino acids
3.
- A secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units called domains
4.
- Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains in close association.
1) Primary structure
2) Secondary Structure
3) Tertiary Structure
4) Quaternary structure.
28
_______ organic compounds that consist of Carbon, hydrogen , and oxygen a 1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrates
29
___________- molecules used as subunits to build larger molecules (polymers)
Monomers
30
_______ Larger molecules that are chains of monomers
| -may be split for energy
polymers
31
_________ molecules are complex molecules of life, built on a framework of carbon atoms
- carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Organic Molecules
32
_____ A set of chemicals ( a weak acid or base and its salt) that can keep the pH of a solution stable (e.g., blood)
Buffer
33
_______ a compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH-
salt
34
_______ accept hydrogen ions in a water solution
- pH above 7
- OH-
Acid
35
Cells store free energy by running ______ _____ that build organic compounds
Endergonic reactions
36
______ ( energy in) -> reactions that require a net input of energy
Endergonic
37
______ The specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
substrate
38
Enzymes lower the activation energy required to bring on the ________ when substrate bonds break and reactions run spontaneously.
Transition state
39
__________ locations on the enzyme molecule where substrates bind and reactions happen
Active sites
40
The _____ controls the enzymes specificity
active site
41
_______ a measure of dispersal of energy in a system
entropy
42
In a process called _______, an enzyme makes a specific reaction occur much faster than it would on its own.
catalysis
43
_______ is a waxy extracellular secretion that helps plants retain water.
cuticle
44
_____ is a vesicle containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, alcohol and other toxins
peroxisome
45
_______ is an organelle involved in lipid production and protein in transport.
Endoplasmic reticulum
46
The packaging of secretory proteins occurs with this structure
Golgi body
47
Proteins are synthesized in this tiny two- part organelle
ribosome
48
aerobic respiration occurs in this organelle
mitochondrion
49
Prokaryotes have ______
a. have nucleoid regions
b. are unicellular
c. may have cells
d. are either bacteria or Archean
e. are or have all of these
e. are or have all of these
50
cellulose and starch are
polysaccharides
51
______ are connections of two animal cell membranes that leave no space between cell
tight junctions
52
Glucose is an example of a(n)
organic compound
53
The sequence of amino acids is in the ______ structure of proteins
primary
54
An ion is
electronically charged
55
_____ always has a positive charge
protons
56
______ always has a negative charge
electron
57
_____ is a plastid specialized in photosynthesis
central vacuole
58
```
What term best describes the role of certain metal ions and coenzymes in metabolic processes?
A. Cofactors
B. products
C. intermediates
D. reactants
```
A Cofactors
59
_______ organic cofactors such as vitamins
| -may be modified during a reaction
coenzymes
60
______ atoms or molecules ( other than proteins) that are necessary for enzyme function
cofactors
61
one molecule accepts electrons from another during a (n) ______
redox reaction
62
coenzymes can accept molecules in _____ (also called electron transfer)
redox reaction
63
________ (paired reactions)
- a molecule that gives up electrons is oxidized
- a molecule that accepts electrons is reduced
oxidation -reduction reactions
64
What is the key characteristic of enzyme behavior?
The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules thereby promoting interaction of their relative parts
65
In allosteric regulation, enzymes are controlled by _____________________________
a substance outside the active site
66
The rate of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane will be highest when which of the following are true
I - concentration gradients are steep
II temperatures are low
III solutes are small molecules
I and III
67
What is the major site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
68
The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecule is ______
Active transport
69
When a protein loses its shape and no longer functions it is _____
denatured
70
_______
- polysaccharide
- covalent bonding patterns forms highly branched chains of glucose monomers
- energy reservoir in animal cells; sore in muscle and liver cells
glycogen
71
_______ a short chain of monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
72
______ is a polysaccharide and is an energy reservoir commonly used in plants
starch
73
_____ is a polysaccharide and is a major structural material in plants
cellulose
74
______ straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers.
| - the most common of these are cellulose, glycogen and starch and all consist of glucose
polysaccharides
75
_____ Fundamental building blocks of all substances
atoms
76
Radioactive isotopes have
excess neutrons
77
Some radioactive isotopes - _____
| - are used in research and medical applications
radioisotopes
78
________
- radioisotopes emit substance particles of energy when their nucleus breaks down, transforming one element into another at a constant rate.
radioactive decay
79
_______ any molecule with a detectable substance attached.
| - can be monitored through biochemical reactions
tracers
80
_________ a measure of an atom's ability to pull electrons from another atom
electronegativity
81
______
| an atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electrons in its outer shell
ion
82
Name the patterns in life's organization in order
1. atoms
2. molecules
3. cell
4. tissue
5. organ
6. organ system
7. multicellular organism
8. population
9. community
10. ecosystem
11. Biosphere
83
_______ different forms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
84
______ gives water cohesion (provides surface tension)
hydrogen
85
_______ separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions in a polar covalent molecule
polarity
86
_______ is a weak reaction between a highly electronegative atom (O or N) and a hydrogen atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
- they do not form molecules and are not chemical bonds
hydrogen bonds
87
_________transformation energy by converting chemical and energy into cellular components.
- anabolism and decomposing - catabolism
metabolism
88
_______ regulation of the internal environment to maintain a relatively constant state ( sweating to reduce temperature)
Homeostasis
89
_______ a community and its environment
ecosystem
90
______ populations of all species in the same area
community
91
______ individuals of the same species in the same area
population
92
________ an individual consisting of one or more cells
multicelled organism
93
______ a set of interacting organs
organ system
94
structural unit of interacting tissues
organ
95
_____ specialized cells organized to perform a collective function
tissue
96
_____ the smallest unit of life ( the least inclusive of life)
cell
97
_____ atom with an unpaired electron
free radical
98
The _______ of electron orbitals diagrams electron vacancies
1st shell has 1 orbital and 2 electrons
2nd shell has 4 orbitals and 8 electrons
3rd shell has 4 orbitals and 8 electrons
shell model
99
______ is an electrical property
charge
100
The _______ contains protons and neutrons
nucleus
101
______ ( number of protons) determines the element
atomic number
102
_______ consist of only atoms with the same atomic number
elements
103
______ the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
mass number
104
_________
a small organic compound with an amine group ( -NH), a carboxyl group (-COOH, the acid and one or more variable groups ( R groups)
amino acid
105
______ an organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino acid
protein
106
_______ is a component of eukaryotic cell membranes
| - remodeled into bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as the female and male sex hormones
cholesterol
107
_______ lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
steroids
108
_______ complex mixtures with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings.
- protective water repellant covering
waxes
109
Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in cell membranes. They form ______ with hydrophobic tails sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads
lipid bilayers
110
Phospholipid heads are _____
| while their tails are _____
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
111
_______ molecules with a polar head containing phosphate and two nonpolar fatty acid tails
phospholipids
112
_________
- neutral fats with three fatty acids attached to glycerol
- most abundant energy source in vertebrates
Triglycerides
113
______
| lipids with one , two, or three fatty acid " tails" attached to glycerol
fats
114
_______ ( vegetable oils) fatty acid with one or more double bonds
- molecules are kinked; liquid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids
115
_______ ( animal fats) fatty acid with only single covalent bonds
- molecules are packed tightly, solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
116
```
1.
2.
3.
4.
are lipids common in biological systems
```
1) triglycerides
2) phospholipids
3) waxes
4) Steroids
117
_____ fatty, oily, waxy, organic compounds that are in soluble water
lipids
118
_____ function as the body's major energy reservoir and as the structural foundation of cell membranes
lipids
119
___________ including life, often emerge from the interaction of much simpler parts
Complex properties
120
Each level of organization in nature has ______ ______ a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts
Emergent properties
121
______- is converting chemical and energy into cellular components _______ is decamping organic
Anabolism and catabolism
122
What are the six properties of life
1) homeostasis
2) organization
3. Metabolism
4. growth
5. response to stimuli
6. reproduction
123
_______ the ability to produce new organisms either asexually or sexually
reproduction
124
______ a response can take many forms
response to stimuli
125
_____ atoms sharing electrons equally; formed between atoms with identical electronegativity
nonpolar covalent bonds
126
______ atoms with different electronegativity do not share electron equally; one atom has a more negative charge, the other is more positive
polar covalent bonds
127
______ includes all living organisms- all regions of the earth were organisms live ( most inclusive)
biosphere
128
_______ are represented as polygons; carbon atoms are implied
carbon ring structures
129
_____ - _____ models show positions of atoms in three dimensions; elements are coded by color
ball- and- stick
130
___-____ models show how atoms sharing electrons overlap
space- filling
131
______ model of an organic molecule
| - each line is a covalent bond, two lines are double bond
structural
132
Molecules in water can separate into ______ ions (H+) and ______ions (OH-)
hydrogen and hydroxide
133
_______refers to the amount of a particular solute that is dissolved in a given volume of fluid
concentration
134
Most biological process occur within a narrow range pH, typically around pH ___
7
135
pH___ is neutral
7
136
The more _____ the lower the pH
hydrogen
137
_____ is the measure of the number of hydrogen ion in a solution
pH
138
Nonpolar( _____) molecules are not dissolved by water
hydrophobic
139
polar molecules dissolved by water are _______
hydrophilic
140
_______ is a solvent
| - the collective strength of many hydrogen bonds pull ions apart and keep them dissolved
water
141
_____ is a substance (usually liquid) that can dissolve other substances (solutes)
solvent
142
______ conversion of liquid to gas by heat energy
evaporation
143
Molecules move ____ as they absorb heat
faster
144
_______ is a way to measure energy of molecular motion
temperature
145
In some cases, inhibitors or activators of enzyme catalyzed reactions act by
reversibly binding to an enzymes allosteric site
146
Regulatory molecules can bind to an ____ to activate or inhibit enzymes
- feedback inhibition
allosteric site
147
_______ can adjust enzyme productions, or activate or inhibit enzymes
feedback mechanisms
148
Concentrations of ______ or ______ can make reactions proceed backward or forward
reactants or products
149
_________ a chemical change that occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules interact
reaction
150
____-____-_____ ratio restricts cell size by limiting transport of nutrients and waste
surface- to- volume
151
The _______, a foundation of modern biology, states that cells are fundamental units of life,
1) All organisms consist of one or more cells
2) A cell is the smallest unit with life properties
3) Each new cell arises from division of a preexisting cell
4) Each cell passes its hereditary material to its offspring
cell theory
152
_______________________________- entropy ( a measure of dispersal of energy in a system) increases spontaneously
Second law of thermodynamics
153
_____________________ energy is neither created or destroyed, but can be transferred from on form to another
First law of thermodynamics
154
The energy in chemical bonds is a type of ________ energy
potential
155
Familiar forms energy include light, heat, electricity, and motion (________ energy)
kinetic
156
We define _________as the capacity to work
energy
157
All animals have three types of cell junctions
1
2
3
1. tight junctions
2. adhering junctions
3. gap junctions
158
In plants, ________ extend through cell walls to connect the cytoplasm of two cells
plasmodesmota
159
________ allow cells to interact with each other and the environment
cell junctions
160
Plant cuticles consist of ____and ____ and help plants retain water and fend off insects
waxes and proteins
161
_______- a type of ECM secreted by cells at a body surface
cuticle
162
______- whip like structures formed from microtubules organized into a 9 and 2 array
eukaryotic cilia and flagella
163
_______ long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin
microtubules
164
each enzyme has an ____
| -in humans most enzyme have 6 to 8
optimum pH range
165
A_______ is any series of enzyme- mediated reactions by which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an organic substance
metabolic pathway
166
______
| Atoms, ions or other molecules remaining at the end of a reaction
product
