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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

________ An interconnected system of many protein filaments- some permanent, some temporary.

  • extends between nucleus and cell membrane.
  • parts of the cytoskeleton reinforce, organize and move cells structures, or even a whole cell.
A

Cytoskeleton

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2
Q

________ plastids specialized for photosynthesis.

-Resembles photosynthetic bacteria; May have evolved by endosymbiosis.

A

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

_______ Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae, includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts.

A

plastids

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4
Q

_________ Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration.
-Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer compartment; build up of hydrogen ions (H+) in the outer compartment drives ATP Synthesis. Has its own DNA and ribosomes and resembles bacteria. May have evolved through endosymbiosis.

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

_______A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by ER(endoplasmic reticulum)
-Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes.

A

Golgi Bodies

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6
Q

_______Occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cells interior

  • stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, and toxins.
  • Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm.
A

Central Vacuole

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7
Q

_______ Vesicles with various functions depending on cell type.
-many isolate or dispose of waste, debris, and toxins.

A

Vacuoles

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8
Q

________ Vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest waste materials.

A

Lysosomes

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9
Q

_________ Vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, alcohol, and toxins.

A

peroxisomes

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10
Q

_____- small, membrane- enclosed saclike organelles that store or transport substances.

A

Vesicles

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11
Q
  1. _________ ER ( with ribosomes) Folds polypeptides into their tertiary form.
  2. ______ ER ( No ribosomes) makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates, and lipids, detoxifies poisons.
A
  1. Rough

2. Smooth

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12
Q

________ An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous folded compartment

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

______ A single DNA molecule with its attached proteins

  • during cell division, they condense and become visible in micrographs.
  • Humans boy cells have 46
A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

_______ all DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus

A

chromatin

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15
Q

________ A dense region in the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

_______ Viscous fluid inside the nuclear envelope, similar to cytoplasm.

A

Nucleoplasm

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17
Q

_____ two lipid bilayers pressed together as a single membrane surrounding the nucleus.

  • outer bilayers is continuous with the ER
  • Nuclear pores allow certain substances to pass through the membrane.
A

Nuclear envelope

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18
Q

________ consist mainly of the protein ACTIN

  • make up the cell cortex
  • Major component of muscle cells
A

Microfilaments

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19
Q

_______ Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.

A

Motor proteins

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20
Q

Microtubles grow from barrel shaped centriole, which remains in the cytoplasm below a _____

A

basal body

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21
Q

What is distinctive about the Secondary cell walls of mature plant cells?

A

Lignin

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22
Q

Cilia and Flagella are most similar in their_______________________

A

Internal composition and structure

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23
Q 
What item below is unique to eukaryotic cells? 
A. Ribosomes
B. Vacuole
C. nucleoid
D. Cell Wall
A

B. Vacuole

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24
Q

______ are direct connections of cytoplasm between animal cells

A

gap junctions

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25
Q

_______ controls substances passing in and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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26
Q

_______ A chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

A

Polypeptide

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27
Q

Levels of protein structure
1.
- The unique amino acid sequence of a protein
2.
- The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between amino acids
3.
- A secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units called domains
4.
- Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains in close association.

A

1) Primary structure
2) Secondary Structure
3) Tertiary Structure
4) Quaternary structure.

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28
Q

_______ organic compounds that consist of Carbon, hydrogen , and oxygen a 1:2:1 ratio

A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q

___________- molecules used as subunits to build larger molecules (polymers)

A

Monomers

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30
Q

_______ Larger molecules that are chains of monomers

-may be split for energy

A

polymers

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31
Q

_________ molecules are complex molecules of life, built on a framework of carbon atoms

  • carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
A

Organic Molecules

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32
Q

_____ A set of chemicals ( a weak acid or base and its salt) that can keep the pH of a solution stable (e.g., blood)

A

Buffer

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33
Q

_______ a compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH-

A

salt

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34
Q

_______ accept hydrogen ions in a water solution

  • pH above 7
  • OH-
A

Acid

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35
Q

Cells store free energy by running ______ _____ that build organic compounds

A

Endergonic reactions

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36
Q

______ ( energy in) -> reactions that require a net input of energy

A

Endergonic

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37
Q

______ The specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

A

substrate

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38
Q

Enzymes lower the activation energy required to bring on the ________ when substrate bonds break and reactions run spontaneously.

A

Transition state

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39
Q

__________ locations on the enzyme molecule where substrates bind and reactions happen

A

Active sites

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40
Q

The _____ controls the enzymes specificity

A

active site

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41
Q

_______ a measure of dispersal of energy in a system

A

entropy

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42
Q

In a process called _______, an enzyme makes a specific reaction occur much faster than it would on its own.

A

catalysis

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43
Q

_______ is a waxy extracellular secretion that helps plants retain water.

A

cuticle

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44
Q

_____ is a vesicle containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, alcohol and other toxins

A

peroxisome

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45
Q

_______ is an organelle involved in lipid production and protein in transport.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

The packaging of secretory proteins occurs with this structure

A

Golgi body

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47
Q

Proteins are synthesized in this tiny two- part organelle

A

ribosome

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48
Q

aerobic respiration occurs in this organelle

A

mitochondrion

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49
Q

Prokaryotes have ______

a. have nucleoid regions
b. are unicellular
c. may have cells
d. are either bacteria or Archean
e. are or have all of these

A

e. are or have all of these

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50
Q

cellulose and starch are

A

polysaccharides

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51
Q

______ are connections of two animal cell membranes that leave no space between cell

A

tight junctions

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52
Q

Glucose is an example of a(n)

A

organic compound

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53
Q

The sequence of amino acids is in the ______ structure of proteins

A

primary

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54
Q

An ion is

A

electronically charged

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55
Q

_____ always has a positive charge

A

protons

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56
Q

______ always has a negative charge

A

electron

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57
Q

_____ is a plastid specialized in photosynthesis

A

central vacuole

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58
Q 
What term best describes the role of certain metal ions and coenzymes in metabolic processes? 
A. Cofactors 
B. products
C. intermediates 
D. reactants
A

A Cofactors

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59
Q

_______ organic cofactors such as vitamins

-may be modified during a reaction

A

coenzymes

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60
Q

______ atoms or molecules ( other than proteins) that are necessary for enzyme function

A

cofactors

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61
Q

one molecule accepts electrons from another during a (n) ______

A

redox reaction

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62
Q

coenzymes can accept molecules in _____ (also called electron transfer)

A

redox reaction

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63
Q

________ (paired reactions)

  • a molecule that gives up electrons is oxidized
  • a molecule that accepts electrons is reduced
A

oxidation -reduction reactions

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64
Q

What is the key characteristic of enzyme behavior?

A

The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules thereby promoting interaction of their relative parts

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65
Q

In allosteric regulation, enzymes are controlled by _____________________________

A

a substance outside the active site

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66
Q

The rate of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane will be highest when which of the following are true
I - concentration gradients are steep
II temperatures are low
III solutes are small molecules

A

I and III

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67
Q

What is the major site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

68
Q

The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecule is ______

A

Active transport

69
Q

When a protein loses its shape and no longer functions it is _____

A

denatured

70
Q

_______

  • polysaccharide
  • covalent bonding patterns forms highly branched chains of glucose monomers
  • energy reservoir in animal cells; sore in muscle and liver cells
A

glycogen

71
Q

_______ a short chain of monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

72
Q

______ is a polysaccharide and is an energy reservoir commonly used in plants

A

starch

73
Q

_____ is a polysaccharide and is a major structural material in plants

A

cellulose

74
Q

______ straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers.

- the most common of these are cellulose, glycogen and starch and all consist of glucose

A

polysaccharides

75
Q

_____ Fundamental building blocks of all substances

A

atoms

76
Q

Radioactive isotopes have

A

excess neutrons

77
Q

Some radioactive isotopes - _____

- are used in research and medical applications

A

radioisotopes

78
Q

________
- radioisotopes emit substance particles of energy when their nucleus breaks down, transforming one element into another at a constant rate.

A

radioactive decay

79
Q

_______ any molecule with a detectable substance attached.

- can be monitored through biochemical reactions

A

tracers

80
Q

_________ a measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons from another atom

A

electronegativity

81
Q

______

an atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electrons in its outer shell

A

ion

82
Q

Name the patterns in life’s organization in order

A
  1. atoms
  2. molecules
  3. cell
  4. tissue
  5. organ
  6. organ system
  7. multicellular organism
  8. population
  9. community
  10. ecosystem
  11. Biosphere
83
Q

_______ different forms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

84
Q

______ gives water cohesion (provides surface tension)

A

hydrogen

85
Q

_______ separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions in a polar covalent molecule

A

polarity

86
Q

_______ is a weak reaction between a highly electronegative atom (O or N) and a hydrogen atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
- they do not form molecules and are not chemical bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

87
Q

_________transformation energy by converting chemical and energy into cellular components.
- anabolism and decomposing - catabolism

A

metabolism

88
Q

_______ regulation of the internal environment to maintain a relatively constant state ( sweating to reduce temperature)

A

Homeostasis

89
Q

_______ a community and its environment

A

ecosystem

90
Q

______ populations of all species in the same area

A

community

91
Q

______ individuals of the same species in the same area

A

population

92
Q

________ an individual consisting of one or more cells

A

multicelled organism

93
Q

______ a set of interacting organs

A

organ system

94
Q

structural unit of interacting tissues

A

organ

95
Q

_____ specialized cells organized to perform a collective function

A

tissue

96
Q

_____ the smallest unit of life ( the least inclusive of life)

A

cell

97
Q

_____ atom with an unpaired electron

A

free radical

98
Q

The _______ of electron orbitals diagrams electron vacancies
1st shell has 1 orbital and 2 electrons
2nd shell has 4 orbitals and 8 electrons
3rd shell has 4 orbitals and 8 electrons

A

shell model

99
Q

______ is an electrical property

A

charge

100
Q

The _______ contains protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

101
Q

______ ( number of protons) determines the element

A

atomic number

102
Q

_______ consist of only atoms with the same atomic number

A

elements

103
Q

______ the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

104
Q

_________
a small organic compound with an amine group ( -NH), a carboxyl group (-COOH, the acid and one or more variable groups ( R groups)

A

amino acid

105
Q

______ an organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino acid

A

protein

106
Q

_______ is a component of eukaryotic cell membranes

- remodeled into bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as the female and male sex hormones

A

cholesterol

107
Q

_______ lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

A

steroids

108
Q

_______ complex mixtures with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings.
- protective water repellant covering

A

waxes

109
Q

Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in cell membranes. They form ______ with hydrophobic tails sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads

A

lipid bilayers

110
Q

Phospholipid heads are _____

while their tails are _____

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

111
Q

_______ molecules with a polar head containing phosphate and two nonpolar fatty acid tails

A

phospholipids

112
Q

_________

  • neutral fats with three fatty acids attached to glycerol
  • most abundant energy source in vertebrates
A

Triglycerides

113
Q

______

lipids with one , two, or three fatty acid “ tails” attached to glycerol

A

fats

114
Q

_______ ( vegetable oils) fatty acid with one or more double bonds
- molecules are kinked; liquid at room temperature

A

unsaturated fatty acids

115
Q

_______ ( animal fats) fatty acid with only single covalent bonds
- molecules are packed tightly, solid at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

116
Q 
1.
2.
3.
4.
are lipids common in biological systems
A

1) triglycerides
2) phospholipids
3) waxes
4) Steroids

117
Q

_____ fatty, oily, waxy, organic compounds that are in soluble water

A

lipids

118
Q

_____ function as the body’s major energy reservoir and as the structural foundation of cell membranes

A

lipids

119
Q

___________ including life, often emerge from the interaction of much simpler parts

A

Complex properties

120
Q

Each level of organization in nature has ______ ______ a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts

A

Emergent properties

121
Q

______- is converting chemical and energy into cellular components _______ is decamping organic

A

Anabolism and catabolism

122
Q

What are the six properties of life

A

1) homeostasis
2) organization
3. Metabolism
4. growth
5. response to stimuli
6. reproduction

123
Q

_______ the ability to produce new organisms either asexually or sexually

A

reproduction

124
Q

______ a response can take many forms

A

response to stimuli

125
Q

_____ atoms sharing electrons equally; formed between atoms with identical electronegativity

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

126
Q

______ atoms with different electronegativity do not share electron equally; one atom has a more negative charge, the other is more positive

A

polar covalent bonds

127
Q

______ includes all living organisms- all regions of the earth were organisms live ( most inclusive)

A

biosphere

128
Q

_______ are represented as polygons; carbon atoms are implied

A

carbon ring structures

129
Q

_____ - _____ models show positions of atoms in three dimensions; elements are coded by color

A

ball- and- stick

130
Q

___-____ models show how atoms sharing electrons overlap

A

space- filling

131
Q

______ model of an organic molecule

- each line is a covalent bond, two lines are double bond

A

structural

132
Q

Molecules in water can separate into ______ ions (H+) and ______ions (OH-)

A

hydrogen and hydroxide

133
Q

_______refers to the amount of a particular solute that is dissolved in a given volume of fluid

A

concentration

134
Q

Most biological process occur within a narrow range pH, typically around pH ___

A

7

135
Q

pH___ is neutral

A

7

136
Q

The more _____ the lower the pH

A

hydrogen

137
Q

_____ is the measure of the number of hydrogen ion in a solution

A

pH

138
Q

Nonpolar( _____) molecules are not dissolved by water

A

hydrophobic

139
Q

polar molecules dissolved by water are _______

A

hydrophilic

140
Q

_______ is a solvent

- the collective strength of many hydrogen bonds pull ions apart and keep them dissolved

A

water

141
Q

_____ is a substance (usually liquid) that can dissolve other substances (solutes)

A

solvent

142
Q

______ conversion of liquid to gas by heat energy

A

evaporation

143
Q

Molecules move ____ as they absorb heat

A

faster

144
Q

_______ is a way to measure energy of molecular motion

A

temperature

145
Q

In some cases, inhibitors or activators of enzyme catalyzed reactions act by

A

reversibly binding to an enzymes allosteric site

146
Q

Regulatory molecules can bind to an ____ to activate or inhibit enzymes
- feedback inhibition

A

allosteric site

147
Q

_______ can adjust enzyme productions, or activate or inhibit enzymes

A

feedback mechanisms

148
Q

Concentrations of ______ or ______ can make reactions proceed backward or forward

A

reactants or products

149
Q

_________ a chemical change that occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules interact

A

reaction

150
Q

____-____-_____ ratio restricts cell size by limiting transport of nutrients and waste

A

surface- to- volume

151
Q

The _______, a foundation of modern biology, states that cells are fundamental units of life,

1) All organisms consist of one or more cells
2) A cell is the smallest unit with life properties
3) Each new cell arises from division of a preexisting cell
4) Each cell passes its hereditary material to its offspring

A

cell theory

152
Q

_______________________________- entropy ( a measure of dispersal of energy in a system) increases spontaneously

A

Second law of thermodynamics

153
Q

_____________________ energy is neither created or destroyed, but can be transferred from on form to another

A

First law of thermodynamics

154
Q

The energy in chemical bonds is a type of ________ energy

A

potential

155
Q

Familiar forms energy include light, heat, electricity, and motion (________ energy)

A

kinetic

156
Q

We define _________as the capacity to work

A

energy

157
Q

All animals have three types of cell junctions
1
2
3

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adhering junctions
  3. gap junctions
158
Q

In plants, ________ extend through cell walls to connect the cytoplasm of two cells

A

plasmodesmota

159
Q

________ allow cells to interact with each other and the environment

A

cell junctions

160
Q

Plant cuticles consist of ____and ____ and help plants retain water and fend off insects

A

waxes and proteins

161
Q

_______- a type of ECM secreted by cells at a body surface

A

cuticle

162
Q

______- whip like structures formed from microtubules organized into a 9 and 2 array

A

eukaryotic cilia and flagella

163
Q

_______ long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin

A

microtubules

164
Q

each enzyme has an ____

-in humans most enzyme have 6 to 8

A

optimum pH range

165
Q

A_______ is any series of enzyme- mediated reactions by which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an organic substance

A

metabolic pathway

166
Q

______

Atoms, ions or other molecules remaining at the end of a reaction

A

product

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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