Exam 2 Flashcards
an increase in the apparent size of an object
Magnification
the smallest distance apart at which two objects can be seen separate from one another
Resolution
electrons focused by magnets penetrate an object
Transmission electron microscopy
electron beam excites secondary electrons off the surface of an object
Scanning electron microscopy
all the cell contents inside the cell membrane
Protoplasm
small body that functions in protein synthesis
Ribosome
metabolic functions
mesosome
sheetlike expanses of membranes inside a cell
Lamellae
lamellae that function in photosynthesis
Thylakoid membranes
stack of thylakoids
Granum
allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces
Fimbriae
allow bacteria to transfer DNA to other bacteria
Pili
complex molecules composed of amino acids and carbohydrates
Peptidoglycan
Where is peptidoglycan found?
Cell walls of most bacteria
holds crystal violet stain
Gram-positive
does not hold crystal violet stain
Gram-negative
allows bacteria to withstand bad conditions
Endospore
Heterotrophic cells have______membranes
many
Autotrophic cells have________membranes
few
what is the role of the nucleoli?
To assemble ribosomes
light area in nucleus
euchromatin
dark area in nucleus
heterochromatin
extended chromosomes
chromatin
short segment of eukaryotic DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
Nucleosome
cytoplasm that is not contained within membrane-bound organelles
cytosol
protein synthesis
ribosomes
makes glycoproteins and lipoproteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins and lipids
Glycosylation
location of molecular chaperones
RER
digestive enzymes that breakdown material that needs to be recycled
Lysosomes
Modifies molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
where are proteins degraded?
Proteasomes
where are proteasomes located?
in the cytosol
site for making new membrane
RER
what happens during cisternal maturation?
internal enzymes change as the molecule moves up the Golgi apparatus
manufactures lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
modifies proteins, breaks down, and produces lipids
SER
detoxifies poisons and stores calcium
SER
Golgi start at
cis
Golgi ends at
trans
where do lysosomes bud from?
Golgi apparatus
break down fatty acids
peroxisome
programmed cell death
apotosis
uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damages neighboring cells
necrosis
allow bacteria to withstand tough conditions
endospore
control of apotosis
mitochondria
produces free radicals
mitochondria
greatly increase SA of mitochondria
cristae
provide surface for chemical rcts in mitochondria
cristae
what are free radicals?
unpaired electrons that attack DNA, collagen, etc and cause death to cells
how are free radicals created?
aerobic respiration
what are the plastids
chloroplasts. chromoplasts, and amyloplasts
involved in vesicle trafficking
bound ribosomes
light reactions occur in the
grana
dark reactions occur in the
stroma
store startch
amyloplasts
fluid filled space in the chloroplast
stroma
purpose of stroma?
contains enzymes that produce carbohydrates from CO2 and water, using energy trapped from sunlight.
contain pigments that give certain flowers and fruits their colors
chromoplasts
formation of ATP in plants occurs where?
in the thylakoid membranes
where is chlorophyll present?
in the thylakoid membranes
Evidence for the Endosymbiont Model
Mitochondria/chloroplasts have:
- ) own DNA
- ) own prokaryotic-style ribosomes
- ) rRNA is more similar to prokaryotes
- ) double membranes, outer similar to eukaryotes, inner similar to prokaryotes
several kinds of proteins fibers that move cells or organelles and maintain shape
cytoskeleton
thick fibers that have plus/minus ends
microtubules
molecule that “walks” along a microtubule or microfilament when supplied ATP
motor molecule
thin fibers made of actin
microfilaments
direction of chromosome movement during cell divison
microtubules
plant cell wall construction
microtubules
Kinesin moves toward ____ end
plus
dynein moves toward ______ end
minus
help determine the shape of the cell
microfilaments
serve as tracks for along which motor molecules move vesicles
microtubules
contractile movement
microfilaments
more stable than microfilaments/microtubules
intermediate filaments
functions poorly understood….possibly maintain cell and nuclear shape
intermediate filaments
role in cell divisioning
centriole
“9+2” arrangement of centrioles
axoneme
centrioles are an arrangement of what
microtubules
pair of centrioles at right angles are_____
diplosomes
serves as a center around which microtubules organize during animal cell division
centriole
causes one doublet of microtubules to slide over an adjacent set
dynein
acts as an antenna to interact with neighboring cells and with molecules in the environment.
Primary cilium
role in development
primary cilium
layer of polysaccharides that are attached to proteins and lipids in the cell membrane
glycocalyx
allow cells to build up the hydrostatic pressure they need to counteract osmotic influx of water
cell wall
layer between the cells of a multicellular plant that cements its cells together
middle lamella
instead of mitochondria it has anaerobic symbiotic bacteria
pelomyxa
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
microvilli
bond that forms between two amino acids
peptide bond
nitrogenous base with two rings.
purine
nitrogenous base with one ring
pyrimidine
nucleoside with 1-3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar
nucelotide
a pentose with a purine or pyrimidine attached to its C1 carbon
nucleoside
In DNA, A always has a___
T
percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated
A1c
proteins with iron attached
cytochromes
histone proteins with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes
nucleoproteins
R group generally has a negative charge
acidic amino acid
R group generally has a positive charge
basic amino acid
common combination of secondary structures
motif
compact, identifiable region of the tertiary structure of a protein, usually coded by one exon and having one function
domain
adeine and guanine
purine
cytosine, thymine, uracil
pyrimidine
nucleoside with 3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar
Nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)
has uracil
RNA
has thymine
DNA
origin of the sun
5 bya
atmosphere in which atmospheric molecules tend to give electrons to other molecules
reducing atmosphere
an atmosphere where in which atmospheric molecules tend to take electrons from other molecules
oxidizing atmosphere
RNA surrounded by lipid
Protocells
phenotype
distinctive shape
genotype
sequence of bases
does DNA have a phenotype
no
does DNA have a genotype
yes
where did viruses probably come from
cells
has phosphate at end
5’
no phosphate at end
3’
lipids with carbohydrate groups attached
Glycolipds
type of bond that holds nucleic acids together
phosphodiester
test to determine free amino acid group or immino group
Ninhydrin
Transmittance goes _______ as concentration goes up
down
reacts with proteins
Coomassie Blue
Benedict’s reagent tests for ______
Reducing sugars
purple in ninhydrin indicates what?
free amino acid groups
yellow indicates what in ninhydrin?
immino group
as magnification increases, field of view_______
decreases
