Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
an increase in the apparent size of an object
A
Magnification
2
Q
the smallest distance apart at which two objects can be seen separate from one another
A
Resolution
3
Q
electrons focused by magnets penetrate an object
A
Transmission electron microscopy
4
Q
electron beam excites secondary electrons off the surface of an object
A
Scanning electron microscopy
5
Q
all the cell contents inside the cell membrane
A
Protoplasm
6
Q
small body that functions in protein synthesis
A
Ribosome
7
Q
metabolic functions
A
mesosome
8
Q
sheetlike expanses of membranes inside a cell
A
Lamellae
9
Q
lamellae that function in photosynthesis
A
Thylakoid membranes
10
Q
stack of thylakoids
A
Granum
11
Q
allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces
A
Fimbriae
12
Q
allow bacteria to transfer DNA to other bacteria
A
Pili
13
Q
complex molecules composed of amino acids and carbohydrates
A
Peptidoglycan
14
Q
Where is peptidoglycan found?
A
Cell walls of most bacteria
15
Q
holds crystal violet stain
A
Gram-positive
16
Q
does not hold crystal violet stain
A
Gram-negative
17
Q
allows bacteria to withstand bad conditions
A
Endospore
18
Q
Heterotrophic cells have______membranes
A
many
19
Q
Autotrophic cells have________membranes
A
few
20
Q
what is the role of the nucleoli?
A
To assemble ribosomes
21
Q
light area in nucleus
A
euchromatin
22
Q
dark area in nucleus
A
heterochromatin
23
Q
extended chromosomes
A
chromatin
24
Q
short segment of eukaryotic DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
A
Nucleosome
25
cytoplasm that is not contained within membrane-bound organelles
cytosol
26
protein synthesis
ribosomes
27
makes glycoproteins and lipoproteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
28
addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins and lipids
Glycosylation
29
location of molecular chaperones
RER
30
digestive enzymes that breakdown material that needs to be recycled
Lysosomes
31
Modifies molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
32
where are proteins degraded?
Proteasomes
33
where are proteasomes located?
in the cytosol
34
site for making new membrane
RER
35
what happens during cisternal maturation?
internal enzymes change as the molecule moves up the Golgi apparatus
36
manufactures lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
37
modifies proteins, breaks down, and produces lipids
SER
38
detoxifies poisons and stores calcium
SER
39
Golgi start at
cis
40
Golgi ends at
trans
41
where do lysosomes bud from?
Golgi apparatus
42
break down fatty acids
peroxisome
43
programmed cell death
apotosis
44
uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damages neighboring cells
necrosis
45
allow bacteria to withstand tough conditions
endospore
46
control of apotosis
mitochondria
47
produces free radicals
mitochondria
48
greatly increase SA of mitochondria
cristae
49
provide surface for chemical rcts in mitochondria
cristae
50
what are free radicals?
unpaired electrons that attack DNA, collagen, etc and cause death to cells
51
how are free radicals created?
aerobic respiration
52
what are the plastids
chloroplasts. chromoplasts, and amyloplasts
53
involved in vesicle trafficking
bound ribosomes
54
light reactions occur in the
grana
55
dark reactions occur in the
stroma
56
store startch
amyloplasts
57
fluid filled space in the chloroplast
stroma
58
purpose of stroma?
contains enzymes that produce carbohydrates from CO2 and water, using energy trapped from sunlight.
59
contain pigments that give certain flowers and fruits their colors
chromoplasts
60
formation of ATP in plants occurs where?
in the thylakoid membranes
61
where is chlorophyll present?
in the thylakoid membranes
62
Evidence for the Endosymbiont Model
Mitochondria/chloroplasts have:
1. ) own DNA
2. ) own prokaryotic-style ribosomes
3. ) rRNA is more similar to prokaryotes
4. ) double membranes, outer similar to eukaryotes, inner similar to prokaryotes
63
several kinds of proteins fibers that move cells or organelles and maintain shape
cytoskeleton
64
thick fibers that have plus/minus ends
microtubules
65
molecule that "walks" along a microtubule or microfilament when supplied ATP
motor molecule
66
thin fibers made of actin
microfilaments
67
direction of chromosome movement during cell divison
microtubules
68
plant cell wall construction
microtubules
69
Kinesin moves toward ____ end
plus
70
dynein moves toward ______ end
minus
71
help determine the shape of the cell
microfilaments
72
serve as tracks for along which motor molecules move vesicles
microtubules
73
contractile movement
microfilaments
74
more stable than microfilaments/microtubules
intermediate filaments
75
functions poorly understood....possibly maintain cell and nuclear shape
intermediate filaments
76
role in cell divisioning
centriole
77
"9+2" arrangement of centrioles
axoneme
78
centrioles are an arrangement of what
microtubules
79
pair of centrioles at right angles are_____
diplosomes
80
serves as a center around which microtubules organize during animal cell division
centriole
81
causes one doublet of microtubules to slide over an adjacent set
dynein
82
acts as an antenna to interact with neighboring cells and with molecules in the environment.
Primary cilium
83
role in development
primary cilium
84
layer of polysaccharides that are attached to proteins and lipids in the cell membrane
glycocalyx
85
allow cells to build up the hydrostatic pressure they need to counteract osmotic influx of water
cell wall
86
layer between the cells of a multicellular plant that cements its cells together
middle lamella
87
instead of mitochondria it has anaerobic symbiotic bacteria
pelomyxa
88
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
microvilli
89
bond that forms between two amino acids
peptide bond
90
nitrogenous base with two rings.
purine
91
nitrogenous base with one ring
pyrimidine
92
nucleoside with 1-3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar
nucelotide
93
a pentose with a purine or pyrimidine attached to its C1 carbon
nucleoside
94
In DNA, A always has a___
T
95
percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated
A1c
96
proteins with iron attached
cytochromes
97
histone proteins with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes
nucleoproteins
98
R group generally has a negative charge
acidic amino acid
99
R group generally has a positive charge
basic amino acid
100
common combination of secondary structures
motif
101
compact, identifiable region of the tertiary structure of a protein, usually coded by one exon and having one function
domain
102
adeine and guanine
purine
103
cytosine, thymine, uracil
pyrimidine
104
nucleoside with 3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar
Nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)
105
has uracil
RNA
106
has thymine
DNA
107
origin of the sun
5 bya
108
atmosphere in which atmospheric molecules tend to give electrons to other molecules
reducing atmosphere
109
an atmosphere where in which atmospheric molecules tend to take electrons from other molecules
oxidizing atmosphere
110
RNA surrounded by lipid
Protocells
111
phenotype
distinctive shape
112
genotype
sequence of bases
113
does DNA have a phenotype
no
114
does DNA have a genotype
yes
115
where did viruses probably come from
cells
116
has phosphate at end
5'
117
no phosphate at end
3'
118
lipids with carbohydrate groups attached
Glycolipds
119
type of bond that holds nucleic acids together
phosphodiester
120
test to determine free amino acid group or immino group
Ninhydrin
121
Transmittance goes _______ as concentration goes up
down
122
reacts with proteins
Coomassie Blue
123
Benedict's reagent tests for ______
Reducing sugars
124
purple in ninhydrin indicates what?
free amino acid groups
125
yellow indicates what in ninhydrin?
immino group
126
as magnification increases, field of view_______
decreases
