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Bio 1100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an increase in the apparent size of an object

A

Magnification

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2
Q

the smallest distance apart at which two objects can be seen separate from one another

A

Resolution

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3
Q

electrons focused by magnets penetrate an object

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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4
Q

electron beam excites secondary electrons off the surface of an object

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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5
Q

all the cell contents inside the cell membrane

A

Protoplasm

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6
Q

small body that functions in protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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7
Q

metabolic functions

A

mesosome

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8
Q

sheetlike expanses of membranes inside a cell

A

Lamellae

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9
Q

lamellae that function in photosynthesis

A

Thylakoid membranes

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10
Q

stack of thylakoids

A

Granum

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11
Q

allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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12
Q

allow bacteria to transfer DNA to other bacteria

A

Pili

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13
Q

complex molecules composed of amino acids and carbohydrates

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

Cell walls of most bacteria

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15
Q

holds crystal violet stain

A

Gram-positive

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16
Q

does not hold crystal violet stain

A

Gram-negative

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17
Q

allows bacteria to withstand bad conditions

A

Endospore

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18
Q

Heterotrophic cells have______membranes

A

many

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19
Q

Autotrophic cells have________membranes

A

few

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20
Q

what is the role of the nucleoli?

A

To assemble ribosomes

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21
Q

light area in nucleus

A

euchromatin

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22
Q

dark area in nucleus

A

heterochromatin

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23
Q

extended chromosomes

A

chromatin

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24
Q

short segment of eukaryotic DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

A

Nucleosome

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25
Q

cytoplasm that is not contained within membrane-bound organelles

A

cytosol

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26
Q

protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

makes glycoproteins and lipoproteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins and lipids

A

Glycosylation

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29
Q

location of molecular chaperones

A

RER

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30
Q

digestive enzymes that breakdown material that needs to be recycled

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

Modifies molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

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32
Q

where are proteins degraded?

A

Proteasomes

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33
Q

where are proteasomes located?

A

in the cytosol

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34
Q

site for making new membrane

A

RER

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35
Q

what happens during cisternal maturation?

A

internal enzymes change as the molecule moves up the Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

manufactures lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

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37
Q

modifies proteins, breaks down, and produces lipids

A

SER

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38
Q

detoxifies poisons and stores calcium

A

SER

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39
Q

Golgi start at

A

cis

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40
Q

Golgi ends at

A

trans

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41
Q

where do lysosomes bud from?

A

Golgi apparatus

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42
Q

break down fatty acids

A

peroxisome

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43
Q

programmed cell death

A

apotosis

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44
Q

uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damages neighboring cells

A

necrosis

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45
Q

allow bacteria to withstand tough conditions

A

endospore

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46
Q

control of apotosis

A

mitochondria

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47
Q

produces free radicals

A

mitochondria

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48
Q

greatly increase SA of mitochondria

A

cristae

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49
Q

provide surface for chemical rcts in mitochondria

A

cristae

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50
Q

what are free radicals?

A

unpaired electrons that attack DNA, collagen, etc and cause death to cells

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51
Q

how are free radicals created?

A

aerobic respiration

52
Q

what are the plastids

A

chloroplasts. chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

53
Q

involved in vesicle trafficking

A

bound ribosomes

54
Q

light reactions occur in the

A

grana

55
Q

dark reactions occur in the

A

stroma

56
Q

store startch

A

amyloplasts

57
Q

fluid filled space in the chloroplast

A

stroma

58
Q

purpose of stroma?

A

contains enzymes that produce carbohydrates from CO2 and water, using energy trapped from sunlight.

59
Q

contain pigments that give certain flowers and fruits their colors

A

chromoplasts

60
Q

formation of ATP in plants occurs where?

A

in the thylakoid membranes

61
Q

where is chlorophyll present?

A

in the thylakoid membranes

62
Q

Evidence for the Endosymbiont Model

A

Mitochondria/chloroplasts have:

  1. ) own DNA
  2. ) own prokaryotic-style ribosomes
  3. ) rRNA is more similar to prokaryotes
  4. ) double membranes, outer similar to eukaryotes, inner similar to prokaryotes
63
Q

several kinds of proteins fibers that move cells or organelles and maintain shape

A

cytoskeleton

64
Q

thick fibers that have plus/minus ends

A

microtubules

65
Q

molecule that “walks” along a microtubule or microfilament when supplied ATP

A

motor molecule

66
Q

thin fibers made of actin

A

microfilaments

67
Q

direction of chromosome movement during cell divison

A

microtubules

68
Q

plant cell wall construction

A

microtubules

69
Q

Kinesin moves toward ____ end

A

plus

70
Q

dynein moves toward ______ end

A

minus

71
Q

help determine the shape of the cell

A

microfilaments

72
Q

serve as tracks for along which motor molecules move vesicles

A

microtubules

73
Q

contractile movement

A

microfilaments

74
Q

more stable than microfilaments/microtubules

A

intermediate filaments

75
Q

functions poorly understood….possibly maintain cell and nuclear shape

A

intermediate filaments

76
Q

role in cell divisioning

A

centriole

77
Q

“9+2” arrangement of centrioles

A

axoneme

78
Q

centrioles are an arrangement of what

A

microtubules

79
Q

pair of centrioles at right angles are_____

A

diplosomes

80
Q

serves as a center around which microtubules organize during animal cell division

A

centriole

81
Q

causes one doublet of microtubules to slide over an adjacent set

A

dynein

82
Q

acts as an antenna to interact with neighboring cells and with molecules in the environment.

A

Primary cilium

83
Q

role in development

A

primary cilium

84
Q

layer of polysaccharides that are attached to proteins and lipids in the cell membrane

A

glycocalyx

85
Q

allow cells to build up the hydrostatic pressure they need to counteract osmotic influx of water

A

cell wall

86
Q

layer between the cells of a multicellular plant that cements its cells together

A

middle lamella

87
Q

instead of mitochondria it has anaerobic symbiotic bacteria

A

pelomyxa

88
Q

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

A

microvilli

89
Q

bond that forms between two amino acids

A

peptide bond

90
Q

nitrogenous base with two rings.

A

purine

91
Q

nitrogenous base with one ring

A

pyrimidine

92
Q

nucleoside with 1-3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar

A

nucelotide

93
Q

a pentose with a purine or pyrimidine attached to its C1 carbon

A

nucleoside

94
Q

In DNA, A always has a___

A

T

95
Q

percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated

A

A1c

96
Q

proteins with iron attached

A

cytochromes

97
Q

histone proteins with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

A

nucleoproteins

98
Q

R group generally has a negative charge

A

acidic amino acid

99
Q

R group generally has a positive charge

A

basic amino acid

100
Q

common combination of secondary structures

A

motif

101
Q

compact, identifiable region of the tertiary structure of a protein, usually coded by one exon and having one function

A

domain

102
Q

adeine and guanine

A

purine

103
Q

cytosine, thymine, uracil

A

pyrimidine

104
Q

nucleoside with 3 phosphate groups attached to the C5 carbon atom of the sugar

A

Nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)

105
Q

has uracil

A

RNA

106
Q

has thymine

A

DNA

107
Q

origin of the sun

A

5 bya

108
Q

atmosphere in which atmospheric molecules tend to give electrons to other molecules

A

reducing atmosphere

109
Q

an atmosphere where in which atmospheric molecules tend to take electrons from other molecules

A

oxidizing atmosphere

110
Q

RNA surrounded by lipid

A

Protocells

111
Q

phenotype

A

distinctive shape

112
Q

genotype

A

sequence of bases

113
Q

does DNA have a phenotype

A

no

114
Q

does DNA have a genotype

A

yes

115
Q

where did viruses probably come from

A

cells

116
Q

has phosphate at end

A

5’

117
Q

no phosphate at end

A

3’

118
Q

lipids with carbohydrate groups attached

A

Glycolipds

119
Q

type of bond that holds nucleic acids together

A

phosphodiester

120
Q

test to determine free amino acid group or immino group

A

Ninhydrin

121
Q

Transmittance goes _______ as concentration goes up

A

down

122
Q

reacts with proteins

A

Coomassie Blue

123
Q

Benedict’s reagent tests for ______

A

Reducing sugars

124
Q

purple in ninhydrin indicates what?

A

free amino acid groups

125
Q

yellow indicates what in ninhydrin?

A

immino group

126
Q

as magnification increases, field of view_______

A

decreases

Bio 1100 (2 decks)

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