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Psychobiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized receptors that detect a particular category of physical events

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2
Q

Receptor Potential

A

A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus

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3
Q

Eye Movements:

Vergence

Saccadic

Pursuit

A

Cooperative movement of eyes, like looking at nose

Rapid, jerky movement of eyes to maintain focus

Movement of eyes that allows for fluid following of motion

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4
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

Control shape of eyes

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5
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes in thickness of lens, accomplished by ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects of the retina

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6
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue and photo receptive cells located on inner surface of posterior portion of eye

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7
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Transduce photic energy into electrical potentials

Rod - low energy (b/w)
Cone - high energy, colour

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8
Q

Fovea

A

Region of retina that mediates most acute vision; contains only cones as photoreceptors; has low convergence because few photoreceptors on few ganglion cells. BUT periphery has high convergence since many photoreceptors on few ganglion cells

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9
Q

Bipolar cell

A

Bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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10
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Neuron in retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve

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11
Q

Horizontal Cell

A

Neuron in retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells

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12
Q

Amacrine cell

A

Neuron in retina that interconnects a jacket ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells

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13
Q

Lamella

A

Layer of membrane containing photo pigments; found in rods an cones

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14
Q

Photo pigment

A

Protein dye bonded to retinal that is responsible for transduction of visual info

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15
Q

Opsin

Retinal

A

Class of protein that acts as a photo pigment

Chemical synthesized from vitamin A that acts as a photo pigment

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16
Q

Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

A group of cell bodies within the thalamus that receives input from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex

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17
Q

Magnocellular Layer

A

One of inner two layers of neurons in dorsal lateral geniculate which transmits information necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness

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18
Q

Parvocellular Layer

A

One of the outer four layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate, which transmit information necessary for perception of color and fine details.

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19
Q

Kiniocellular Sublayer

A

One of the sublayers of neurons in the dorsal LGN found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers; transmits information from short-wavelength (blue) cones to the primary visual cortex.

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20
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

A cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

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21
Q

Calcarine Fissure

A

A horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; location of the primary visual cortex

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22
Q

Striate Cortex

A

The primary visual cortex

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23
Q

ON Cell

A

Fires when light is presented in ON center of receptive field and when light is removed from OFF surround of receptive field.

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24
Q

OFF Cell

A

Fires when light is presented in ON center of receptive field and when light is removed from OFF surround of receptive field.

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25
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Colors may be created by mixing various quantities of three colors.
Light waves not pigments.

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26
Q

Opponent Colour Theory

A

Red/Green, Yellow/Blue (Bluish green but not greenish red)

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27
Q

Protanopia

A

An inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; “red” cones are filled with “green” cone opsin

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28
Q

Deuteranopia

A

An inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; “green” cones are filled with “red” opsin

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29
Q

Tritanopia

A

An inherited form of defective color vision in which hues with short wavelengths are confused; “blue” cones are either lacking or faulty

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30
Q

Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

Opponent-Process Coding
Color Sensitive Ganglion Cells
—Red-Green
—Yellow-Blue

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31
Q

Striate Cortex

A

Has six principles layers
About 25% dedicated to fovea
Contralateral coding

32
Q

Orientation Sensitivity

A

Idea that most neurons in the striate cortex are sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus.

33
Q

Simple Cell

A

An orientation-sensitive neuron in the striate cortex whose receptive field is organized in an opponent fashion. On/off

34
Q

Complex Cell

A

A neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field, especially when the line moves perpendicularly to its orientation.

35
Q

Hypercomplex Cell

A

A neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cell’s receptive field

36
Q

Sine-Wave Graphing

A

A series of straight parallel bands varying continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function, along a line perpendicular to their lengths.

37
Q

Spatial Frequency

A

The relative width of the bands in a sine-wave grating, measured in cycles per degree of visual angle

38
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The fact that points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for stereopsis

39
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase (CO) Blobs

A

The central region of a module of the primary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelength-sensitive neurons.

40
Q

Modules

A

Contain 100,000 to 1,000,000 neurons.

Striate cortex contains approximately 2,500 modules each with approximately 150,000 neurons.

41
Q

Ocular Dominance

A

The extent to which a particular neuron receives more input from one eye than from the other.

42
Q

Extrastriate Cortex

A

A region of visual association cortex; receives fibers from the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex;several regions, each contains one or more independent maps of the visual field. Each region responds to certain features of visual information, color, movement, etc

43
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

A system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex.

44
Q

Ventral System

A

A system of interconnected regions of the visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex

45
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage.

46
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Failure to recognize particular people by the sight of their faces.

47
Q

Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC)

A

A region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than peoples bodies and faces.

48
Q

Fusiform Face Area

A

A region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal lobe; involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize.

49
Q

Extrastriate Body Area

A

A region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces

50
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area

A

A region of limbic cortex on the medial temporal lobe; involved in perception of particular places (scenes)

51
Q

Optic Flow

A

The complex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and environment; provides information about the relative distance of objects from the observer and of the relative direction of movement

52
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to perceive movement because of damage to the V5 of visual association cortex

53
Q

Intraparietal Sulcus

A

The end of thedorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of location, visual attention, and control of eye and hand movements; AIP – visual control of grasping and manipulating hand movements.
LIP – visual attention and control of saccadic movements.
VIP – visual attention and control of saccadic movements, visual control of reaching and pointing.
CIP – perception of depth from stereopsis.
MIP – visual control of reaching and pointing.

54
Q

Ossicles

A

Middle Ear Bones:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

55
Q

Cochlea

A

sensory organ for the auditory system.
Basilar Membrane
Hair Cells
Tectorial Membrane

56
Q

Oval Window

A

Opening in the cochlea where the stapes is located

57
Q

Tip Link

A

Elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of an adjacent one

58
Q

Cochlear Nerve

A

Branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information to the brain

59
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

Nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information.

60
Q

Superior Olivary Complex

A

Nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information from the cochlear nuclei

61
Q

Lateral Lemniscus

A

band of fibers carrying auditory information through the medulla and pons

62
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

nucleus in the thalamus that relays the auditory information to the primary auditory cortex

63
Q

Place Coding

A

Coding of frequencies by different locations on the basilar membrane

64
Q

Rate Coding

A

Coding of frequencies by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system

65
Q

Perception of Loudness

A

Achieved by alterations in the rate of firing of cochlear nerve axons

66
Q

Perception of Timbre

A

Fundamental Frequency – lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound.
Overtone – frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency

67
Q

Look up and make cards about how the vestibular system works. Look back on Powerpoint 7

A

blank

68
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of body position and posture

69
Q

Cutaneous Senses (5)

A 
Pressure
Vibration 
Heating
Cooling
Tissue Damage (pain)
70
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

vibration sensitive, large receptive fields, slow adapting

71
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations, large receptive fields, fast adapting

72
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

touch sensitive, small receptive fields, fast adapting

73
Q

Merkel’s Disks

A

touch sensitive, small receptive fields, slow adapting

74
Q

Touch

A

Involves Mechanoreceptors

Highly Localized

75
Q

Temperature

A

Relative Perceptions
Involves Free Nerve Endings
Two Kinds of Thermal Receptors: Warmth & Coolness

76
Q

Pain - The Three Types of Nocireceptors

A

High-threshold mechanoreceptors that respond to intense pressure, stretching, or pinching.
Free nerve endings that respond to extreme heat, acids, and presence of capsaicin.
TRPA1 receptors that are sensitive to pungent irritants found in mustard oil, wintergreen oil, horseradish, and garlic and to many environmental irritants. These chemicals produces inflammation

Psychobiology (2 decks)

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