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Psychobiology > Chapters 1 - 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Unilateral Neglect

A

Injury to RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE causing neglect in awareness to LEFT field.

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2
Q

Hippocrates

A

Considered brain to be the seat of thought and consciousness

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3
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Dualistic thought; pineal body as joining point of soul; Reflexes

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4
Q

Luigi Galvani

A

Showed electrical stimulation to cause movement in deceased frog’s leg

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5
Q

Johannes Muller

A

Doctrine of Specific Energies

Sensory information must be specified by the active nerves

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6
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Experimental Ablation on frogs to infer what part of the brain governed what when parts were severed from the brain

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7
Q

Paul Broca

A

Extended experimental ablation to humans

Associated with region of left hemisphere governing speech

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8
Q

Herman Von Hemholtz

A

Color vision & blindness; law of conservation of energy; &c.

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9
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

Neurotransmitters are produced in nucleus & travel by Golgi body along microtubule down axon out through terminal buttons.

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10
Q

Astrocyte

A

Cleans up scar tissue and toxins; pulls glucose from blood to nearing neurons; provides support

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11
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Axon support in the form of Nodes of Ranvier in CNS or Schwann cells in PNS

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes that protect brain from microorganisms

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13
Q

Weak area of blood-brain barrier that can allow toxins to lightly stimulate, causing vomiting

A

Area Postrema

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14
Q

Resting Potential

A

Membrane potential when neither excited nor inhibited; about -70mV

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15
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

Value of membrane potential that produces an action potential

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16
Q

Extra cellular & intracellular fluid contents

A 
Intra
    Organic anions
    Potassium
Extra
    Chloride ions
    Sodium ions
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17
Q

Ion Movement During Action Potential

A
  1. At threshold of excitation, Na channels open, allowing some to enter cell
  2. K channels open, K begins to leave cell
  3. At peak, Na channels begin to close so no more may enter
  4. K continues to leave cell so that membrane potential begins to return to rest
  5. As it comes to refractory period, K channels close and Na channels reset
  6. Extra K outside diffuses away, allowing it to return to rest
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18
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. Seems that the action potential skips from one node of Ranvier to the next

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19
Q

Dendritic Spine

A

Small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse

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20
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A

Membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released

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21
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

Receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule attaches to the binding site

(like a key opens a door)

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22
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

Receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel

Type 1
Ion acts as a key to activate a protein to “open the doorway”

Type 2
Second messenger system in which molecule of transmitter substance binds to receptor, which activates a protein, who then causes an enzyme to produce a second messenger to open an ion channel

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23
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

&

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

In ESPS, excitatory depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

In ISPS, inhibitory hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane

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24
Q

Enzymatic Deactivation

A

Destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release

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25
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptor molecules on neuron that monitors the neurotransmitters sent out by it. Are we producing enough? Too much?

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26
Q

Pre synaptic Inhibition

A

Presynaptic terminal button can reduce amount of neurotransmitter released by postsynaptic button

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27
Q

Resting Potential

A

-70 mV

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28
Q

Intracellular Fluid has high levels of ____ & ____ and Extracellular Fluid has high levels of ____ & ____

A

Organic Anions and Potassium Ions; Chloride and Sodium Ions

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29
Q

Sodium-Potassium Transporter

A

Transports K in and Na out to allow for an action potential

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30
Q

Ion movement during an action potential: 6 Steps

A
  1. Na channels open, allowing Na to enter cell.
  2. K channels, allowing K to exit cell
  3. Na channels are refractory and no more can enter cell.
  4. K channels continue to leave, polarizing the cell to resting point
  5. K channels close and Na resets.
  6. Extra K is diffused away
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31
Q

Cable Properties

A

Electrical stimulus falls down in a decremental fashion along the axon

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32
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential seems to pass along in a jumpy manner due to myelination of the axon; causing no loss of intensity or quality as an unmyelinated axon would

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33
Q

Dendritic Spine

A

Small bud formed by dendrite where terminal button of another neuron create a synapse.

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34
Q

Presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

A

Membrane on the terminal button (pre) that meets with membrane on the dendrite (post) to allow for neurotransmitter transmission.

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35
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

A specific ion acts as a “key” which opens the “door”

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36
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

A specific receptor protein activates another protein, who then releases a subunit to unlock the door; or as a secondary messenger system, does this except that the breakaway piece activates another protein, who then opens the door.

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37
Q

Excitatory/Inhibatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Excitatory depolarization or inhibatory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

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38
Q

Reuptake

A

When a terminal button reabsorbs a neurotransmitter just released back through the presynaptic membrane

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39
Q

Enzymatic Deactivation

A

Enzymes “recycle” a neurotransmitter after its release

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40
Q

Neural Integration

A

Inhibatory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials control rate of firing for a neuron

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41
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptor on neuron that monitors its own firing. Are we producing enough neurotransmitter? Too much?

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42
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

Inhibition of presynaptic stimulation before reaching the presynaptic membrane

43
Q

Presynaptic Facilitation

A

The presynaptic terminal button increases the amount of neurotransmitter released in the postsynaptic terminal button.

44
Q

Gap Junction

A

Nearby axons are able to communicate directly due to proximity

45
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Behaves like a neurotransmitter, but is not bound to the synaptic cleft alone

46
Q

Peptides

A

Comprise many hormones and neuromodulators

47
Q

Steroids

A

Alter the target site by going directly for receptors in the nucleus

48
Q

The three meninges (outer to inner)

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

49
Q

Ventricles

A

Holes filled with CSF, including: third, fourth, lateral, and cerebral aqueduct

50
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Where CSF is manufactured

51
Q

Progenitor Cells

A

Cells in the ventricular zone (inner lining of neural tube) that give rise to brain cells

52
Q

Forebrain

A

Comprised of telencephalon and diencephalon; largest part of the brain that contains cerebrum, cerebral cortex

53
Q

Telencephalon

A

Contains most of the cerebrum, cerebral cortex

54
Q

Limbic system is responsible for ___ and contains ___(5 objects)

A

Learning, memory, emotion; mammilary bodies, fornix, amygdala hippocampus, limbic cortex

55
Q

Basal Ganglia does ___ and contains ___ (3 objects)

A

Responsible for processing information in movement. Includes Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Palladus

56
Q

Diencephalon

A

Comprised mostly of thalamus and hypothalamus

57
Q

Thalamus

A

Neural cells that send and receive info from the cerebral cortex

58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulate a lot of ANS, pituitary gland, and species-specific behaviour

59
Q

Hindbrain

A

Contains mostly the metencephalon and myencephalon

60
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum and Pons; Motor coordination, sleep-wake cycles and arousal.

61
Q

Myencephalon

A

Contains medulla oblongata, involved in respiration and heart functioning

62
Q

Spinal Chord: Comprised of three types of roots: ___, ___, ___

A

Extends down from the medulla oblongata; spinal roots are axons wrapped in connective tissue to create a spinal nerve; dorsal roots have AFFERENT sensory fibers; ventral roots have EFFERENT motor fibers

63
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Section of PNS used to control voluntary movement and transmit sensory information

64
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory
  9. Glossopharangeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
65
Q

ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic: Arousal, “Fight or Flight”; Parasympathetic: Relaxation, digestion, &c.

66
Q

Depot Binding

A

Binding of drug to protein or body

67
Q

Albumin

A

Protein that binds to fatty acids and with some lipid-soluble drugs

68
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Ratio between dose that produces desired effect in 50% and toxic in 50%

69
Q

Noncompetitive Binding

A

Binding of drug to receptor that does not impact binding of original ligand

70
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A

Drug that attaches to binding site on receptor and interferes with its action; does NOT interfere with binding site of principal ligand

71
Q

Presynaptic Heteroreceptor

A

Receptor located on membrane of terminal button that receives input from another terminal button; bunds with neurotransmitter of Presynaptic terminal button

72
Q

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

73
Q

Primary Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

GABA

74
Q

Ach & its roles

A

Primary neurotransmitter secreted by EFFERENT PNS and in ANS for parasympathetic branch

Found:
Dorsolateral Pons (REM sleep)
Basal Forebrain (learning)
Medial Septum (memory)
75
Q

Nicontinic ACh receptor

A

Ionotropic ACh receptor stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare; muscle and CNS responsible for rapid response

76
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptor

A

Metabotropic ACh receptor stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine (Belladonna). Definitely more CNS.

77
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

ACh antagonist that causes paralysis

78
Q

Black Widow Venom

A

ACh agonist that causes contractions and immobility

79
Q

Hemicholinium

A

Inhibits uptake of choline; antagonist

80
Q

The Monoamines (4)

Subclass: Catecholamines (3)

A

Serotonin

Subclass: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

81
Q

Dopamine

A

Made from L-DOPA

Major role in movement (nigrostatial system), reward (mesolimbic), planning and short term memory (mesocortical)

82
Q

MAO

A

Enzymes that destroy monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, nor/epinephrine). In blood breaks down chocolate and cheese.

83
Q

Deprenyl

A

Blocks activity of MAO; antidepressant that works as a dopamine agonist

84
Q

Chlorprozamine

A

Anti-schizophrenia drug that works by lowering dopamine levels

85
Q

Methylphenidate

A

(ADHD med)

Inhibits reuptake of dopamine

86
Q

Amphetamine

A

Releases both dopamine and norepinephrine

87
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic division of ANS

88
Q

Epinephrine/adrenalin

A

Neurotransmitter in brain and hormone

89
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac; inhibits reuptake of serotonin

90
Q

Serotonin

A

Indolamine neurotransmitter

91
Q

Glutamate

A

Most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

92
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

Iconographic Glutamate receptor that controls calcium channel that is normally blocked by magnesium ions; important for learning and memory

93
Q

AMPS Receptor

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel and is stimulated by AMPA

94
Q

Kainate Receptor

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid

95
Q

PCP

A

Bonds to PCP binding site in NMDA receptor; indirect antagonist

96
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Anti-anxiety

97
Q

Glycine

A

Important inhibitory for lower brain stem and spinal cord

STRYCHNINE is an important antagonist to this

98
Q

GABA

A

Most important inhibitory

99
Q

Allyglycine

A

Inhibits GAD which produces GABA

100
Q

Muscimol

A

Direct agonist to GABA

101
Q

Bicuculline

A

Direct ANTagonist to GABA

102
Q

Endogenous Opioids

A

Pain reduction, native to brain

Enkephalins
Naloxone blocks opiate receptors

103
Q

Caffeine

A

Blocks adenosine receptors

104
Q

Sildenafil

A

Binds with enzyme that destroys the longer lasting byproduct of nitric oxide; “Viagra”

Psychobiology (2 decks)

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