Chapters 1 - 2 Flashcards
Unilateral Neglect
Injury to RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE causing neglect in awareness to LEFT field.
Hippocrates
Considered brain to be the seat of thought and consciousness
Rene Descartes
Dualistic thought; pineal body as joining point of soul; Reflexes
Luigi Galvani
Showed electrical stimulation to cause movement in deceased frog’s leg
Johannes Muller
Doctrine of Specific Energies
Sensory information must be specified by the active nerves
Pierre Flourens
Experimental Ablation on frogs to infer what part of the brain governed what when parts were severed from the brain
Paul Broca
Extended experimental ablation to humans
Associated with region of left hemisphere governing speech
Herman Von Hemholtz
Color vision & blindness; law of conservation of energy; &c.
Axoplasmic transport
Neurotransmitters are produced in nucleus & travel by Golgi body along microtubule down axon out through terminal buttons.
Astrocyte
Cleans up scar tissue and toxins; pulls glucose from blood to nearing neurons; provides support
Oligodendrocyte
Axon support in the form of Nodes of Ranvier in CNS or Schwann cells in PNS
Microglia
Phagocytes that protect brain from microorganisms
Weak area of blood-brain barrier that can allow toxins to lightly stimulate, causing vomiting
Area Postrema
Resting Potential
Membrane potential when neither excited nor inhibited; about -70mV
Threshold of Excitation
Value of membrane potential that produces an action potential
Extra cellular & intracellular fluid contents
Intra
Organic anions
Potassium
Extra
Chloride ions
Sodium ionsIon Movement During Action Potential
- At threshold of excitation, Na channels open, allowing some to enter cell
- K channels open, K begins to leave cell
- At peak, Na channels begin to close so no more may enter
- K continues to leave cell so that membrane potential begins to return to rest
- As it comes to refractory period, K channels close and Na channels reset
- Extra K outside diffuses away, allowing it to return to rest
Saltatory Conduction
Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. Seems that the action potential skips from one node of Ranvier to the next
Dendritic Spine
Small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
Presynaptic Membrane
Membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
Ionotropic Receptor
Receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule attaches to the binding site
(like a key opens a door)
Metabotropic Receptor
Receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel
Type 1
Ion acts as a key to activate a protein to “open the doorway”
Type 2
Second messenger system in which molecule of transmitter substance binds to receptor, which activates a protein, who then causes an enzyme to produce a second messenger to open an ion channel
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
&
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
In ESPS, excitatory depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
In ISPS, inhibitory hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane
Enzymatic Deactivation
Destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release
Autoreceptors
Receptor molecules on neuron that monitors the neurotransmitters sent out by it. Are we producing enough? Too much?
Pre synaptic Inhibition
Presynaptic terminal button can reduce amount of neurotransmitter released by postsynaptic button
Resting Potential
-70 mV
Intracellular Fluid has high levels of ____ & ____ and Extracellular Fluid has high levels of ____ & ____
Organic Anions and Potassium Ions; Chloride and Sodium Ions
Sodium-Potassium Transporter
Transports K in and Na out to allow for an action potential
Ion movement during an action potential: 6 Steps
- Na channels open, allowing Na to enter cell.
- K channels, allowing K to exit cell
- Na channels are refractory and no more can enter cell.
- K channels continue to leave, polarizing the cell to resting point
- K channels close and Na resets.
- Extra K is diffused away
Cable Properties
Electrical stimulus falls down in a decremental fashion along the axon
Saltatory Conduction
Action potential seems to pass along in a jumpy manner due to myelination of the axon; causing no loss of intensity or quality as an unmyelinated axon would
Dendritic Spine
Small bud formed by dendrite where terminal button of another neuron create a synapse.
Presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
Membrane on the terminal button (pre) that meets with membrane on the dendrite (post) to allow for neurotransmitter transmission.
Ionotropic Receptor
A specific ion acts as a “key” which opens the “door”
Metabotropic Receptor
A specific receptor protein activates another protein, who then releases a subunit to unlock the door; or as a secondary messenger system, does this except that the breakaway piece activates another protein, who then opens the door.
Excitatory/Inhibatory Postsynaptic Potential
Excitatory depolarization or inhibatory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
Reuptake
When a terminal button reabsorbs a neurotransmitter just released back through the presynaptic membrane
Enzymatic Deactivation
Enzymes “recycle” a neurotransmitter after its release
Neural Integration
Inhibatory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials control rate of firing for a neuron
Autoreceptors
Receptor on neuron that monitors its own firing. Are we producing enough neurotransmitter? Too much?
Presynaptic Inhibition
Inhibition of presynaptic stimulation before reaching the presynaptic membrane
Presynaptic Facilitation
The presynaptic terminal button increases the amount of neurotransmitter released in the postsynaptic terminal button.
Gap Junction
Nearby axons are able to communicate directly due to proximity
Neuromodulators
Behaves like a neurotransmitter, but is not bound to the synaptic cleft alone
Peptides
Comprise many hormones and neuromodulators
Steroids
Alter the target site by going directly for receptors in the nucleus
The three meninges (outer to inner)
Dura, arachnoid, pia
Ventricles
Holes filled with CSF, including: third, fourth, lateral, and cerebral aqueduct
Choroid Plexus
Where CSF is manufactured
Progenitor Cells
Cells in the ventricular zone (inner lining of neural tube) that give rise to brain cells
Forebrain
Comprised of telencephalon and diencephalon; largest part of the brain that contains cerebrum, cerebral cortex
Telencephalon
Contains most of the cerebrum, cerebral cortex
Limbic system is responsible for ___ and contains ___(5 objects)
Learning, memory, emotion; mammilary bodies, fornix, amygdala hippocampus, limbic cortex
Basal Ganglia does ___ and contains ___ (3 objects)
Responsible for processing information in movement. Includes Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Palladus
Diencephalon
Comprised mostly of thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus
Neural cells that send and receive info from the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Regulate a lot of ANS, pituitary gland, and species-specific behaviour
Hindbrain
Contains mostly the metencephalon and myencephalon
Metencephalon
Cerebellum and Pons; Motor coordination, sleep-wake cycles and arousal.
Myencephalon
Contains medulla oblongata, involved in respiration and heart functioning
Spinal Chord: Comprised of three types of roots: ___, ___, ___
Extends down from the medulla oblongata; spinal roots are axons wrapped in connective tissue to create a spinal nerve; dorsal roots have AFFERENT sensory fibers; ventral roots have EFFERENT motor fibers
Somatic Nervous System
Section of PNS used to control voluntary movement and transmit sensory information
12 Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Auditory
- Glossopharangeal
- Vagus
- Spinal Accessory
- Hypoglossal
ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic: Arousal, “Fight or Flight”; Parasympathetic: Relaxation, digestion, &c.
Depot Binding
Binding of drug to protein or body
Albumin
Protein that binds to fatty acids and with some lipid-soluble drugs
Therapeutic Index
Ratio between dose that produces desired effect in 50% and toxic in 50%
Noncompetitive Binding
Binding of drug to receptor that does not impact binding of original ligand
Indirect Antagonist
Drug that attaches to binding site on receptor and interferes with its action; does NOT interfere with binding site of principal ligand
Presynaptic Heteroreceptor
Receptor located on membrane of terminal button that receives input from another terminal button; bunds with neurotransmitter of Presynaptic terminal button
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Primary Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
GABA
Ach & its roles
Primary neurotransmitter secreted by EFFERENT PNS and in ANS for parasympathetic branch
Found: Dorsolateral Pons (REM sleep) Basal Forebrain (learning) Medial Septum (memory)
Nicontinic ACh receptor
Ionotropic ACh receptor stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare; muscle and CNS responsible for rapid response
Muscarinic ACh receptor
Metabotropic ACh receptor stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine (Belladonna). Definitely more CNS.
Botulinum Toxin
ACh antagonist that causes paralysis
Black Widow Venom
ACh agonist that causes contractions and immobility
Hemicholinium
Inhibits uptake of choline; antagonist
The Monoamines (4)
Subclass: Catecholamines (3)
Serotonin
Subclass: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Dopamine
Made from L-DOPA
Major role in movement (nigrostatial system), reward (mesolimbic), planning and short term memory (mesocortical)
MAO
Enzymes that destroy monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, nor/epinephrine). In blood breaks down chocolate and cheese.
Deprenyl
Blocks activity of MAO; antidepressant that works as a dopamine agonist
Chlorprozamine
Anti-schizophrenia drug that works by lowering dopamine levels
Methylphenidate
(ADHD med)
Inhibits reuptake of dopamine
Amphetamine
Releases both dopamine and norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic division of ANS
Epinephrine/adrenalin
Neurotransmitter in brain and hormone
Fluoxetine
Prozac; inhibits reuptake of serotonin
Serotonin
Indolamine neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
NMDA Receptor
Iconographic Glutamate receptor that controls calcium channel that is normally blocked by magnesium ions; important for learning and memory
AMPS Receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel and is stimulated by AMPA
Kainate Receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid
PCP
Bonds to PCP binding site in NMDA receptor; indirect antagonist
Benzodiazepines
Anti-anxiety
Glycine
Important inhibitory for lower brain stem and spinal cord
STRYCHNINE is an important antagonist to this
GABA
Most important inhibitory
Allyglycine
Inhibits GAD which produces GABA
Muscimol
Direct agonist to GABA
Bicuculline
Direct ANTagonist to GABA
Endogenous Opioids
Pain reduction, native to brain
Enkephalins
Naloxone blocks opiate receptors
Caffeine
Blocks adenosine receptors
Sildenafil
Binds with enzyme that destroys the longer lasting byproduct of nitric oxide; “Viagra”
