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NUTR-455 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three pentose sugars

A

ribose
deoxyribose
ribitol

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2
Q

What is special about sugar alcohols (structure)

A

two alcohol groups

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3
Q

what is special about sugar alcohols (metabolism)

A

low calorie

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4
Q

three dietary monosaccarides

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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5
Q

beta anomers have this

A

OH on the same side of the ring

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6
Q

alpha anomers have OH group in this position

A

down (axial)

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7
Q

beta anomers have OH group in this position

A

up (equitorial)

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8
Q

OH group of this mono is on the right side of the stick drawing

A

glucose

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9
Q

OH group of this mono is on the left side of the stick drawing

A

galactose

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10
Q

The aldehyde group of this mono is on the second carbon

A

fructose

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11
Q

This is formed between the hemiacetal group of a saccharide and the hydroxyl group of the same compount

A

glycosidic linkage

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12
Q

a substance containing a glycosidic bon is this

A

glycoside

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13
Q

This Di has an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bon

A

maltose

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14
Q

this di has a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

A

lactose

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15
Q

this di has an alpha 1-2 glycosidic bond

A

sucrose

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16
Q

this di is found in fungi and plants

A

trehalose

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17
Q

glucose bound to galactose

A

lactose

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18
Q

glucose bound to fructose

A

sucrose

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19
Q

glucose bound to glucose

A

maltose and trehalose

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20
Q

when a sugar has an open chain form with an aldehyde group it is classified as this

A

reducing sugar

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21
Q

this can be oxidized via a redox reation in which another compound is reduced

A

aldehyde of a reducing sugar

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22
Q

only non reducing sugar covered in class

A

sucrose

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23
Q

examples of oligo saccharides (3)

A

raffinose
stachyose
verbascose

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24
Q

foods containing alot of oligo saccharides

A

beans
peas
bran
whole grains

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25
Q

starch is composed of these polys

A

amylose

amylopectin

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26
Q

glycogen is found here

A

liver

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

poly which is a dietary fiber and not an energy source

A

cellulose

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28
Q

percent of amylose and amylopectin in startch

A

15-20

80-85

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29
Q

glycosidic bonding in amylose

A

alpha 1-4 (all glucose)

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30
Q

this poly is the energy storage in plants

A

amylopectin

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31
Q

consists of glucose moleculeds bonded togther in a highly branched arrangement (plant source)

A

amylopectin

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32
Q

amylopectin has these two types of bonds

A

alpha 1-4

alpha 1-6 (branches)

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33
Q

energy storage in animals

A

glycogen

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34
Q

this poly has multiple non-reducing ends

A

glycogen

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35
Q

this is the most branched poly

A

glycogen

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36
Q

glycogen has these two types of bonds

A

alpha 1-4

alpha 1-6 (branches)

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37
Q

why cant cellulose be digested by humans

A

beta 1-4 bonds

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38
Q

what enzyme begins the digestion of amylose and amylopectin

A

salivary amylase

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39
Q

what bond is broken by salivary amylase, and what is formed

A

a 1-4 bonds

dextrins

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40
Q

t/f: the stomach is the main center of CHO digestion

A

f

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41
Q

the pancreas releases this to continue CHO digestion

A

pancreatic a-amylase

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42
Q

pancreatic a-amylase activity for amylose

A

breaks a 1-4 bonds

dextrins are broken down into maltose

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43
Q

pancreatic a-amylase activity for amylopectin

A

breaks a 1-4 bonds

produces limit dextrins, maltotriose, isomaltose, and maltose

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44
Q

pancreatic a-amylase activity stops here on amylopectin

A

4 residues away from a 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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45
Q

maltose is hydrolyzed by this enzyme, a brush border enzyme froming free glucose

A

maltase

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46
Q

maltotriose, isomaltose, and maltose are broken down by these enzymes to glucose

A

maltase and isomaltase

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47
Q

this enzyme is the sole carbohydrase capable of hydrolyzing a 1-6 bonds

A

a-dextrinase

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48
Q

disaccharide digestion occurs here

A

brush border

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49
Q

maltose is digested by

A

maltase

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50
Q

lactose is digested by

A

lactase

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51
Q

sucrose is diegested by

A

sucrase

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52
Q

this enzyme is messing in lactose intolerant people

A

sucrase

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53
Q

type of bond in sucrose

A

a 1-2

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54
Q

this type of starch does not release glucose within the small intestine, but rather reaches the large intesting where it is consumed or fermented by colonic bacteria

A

resistant starch

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55
Q

beano contains this to digest aligosaccharides

A

a-galactosidase (enzymes)

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56
Q

these are poorly absorbed and can cause stomach aches, and diarrhea

A

sugar alcohols

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57
Q

glucose and galactose are absorbed by these two transporders

A

SGLT1

Glut2

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58
Q

Fructose is absorbed by this transporter

A

glut5

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59
Q

This transporter of glucose and galactose uses sodium and is a form of active transport

A

SGLT1

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60
Q

These two transporters of monos are facilitative transporders

A

Glut2

Glut5

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61
Q

This mono is more slowly absorbed than glucose

A

fructose

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62
Q

This transporter of monos is the onlyone present on the basal surface of the intestinal cell

A

Glut2

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63
Q

this transporter is transferred to the apical side of the cell when sugar-rih meals are ingested

A

glut2

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64
Q

this hormone causes the translocation of the glut2 transporter from the apical surface of the cell to the inside of the cell

A

insulin

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65
Q

an increase in this substance causes glut2 to join the lumen of the membrane

A

glucose

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66
Q

digestion and absorption of CHO occurs here

A

brush boarder

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67
Q

this transporter is insulin dependent

A

glut4

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68
Q

These are the two transporters with high Km

A

glut2

glut4

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69
Q

kidney, liver, and brain can work independent of this hormone

A

insulin

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70
Q

storage hormone

A

insulin

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71
Q

how does insulin affect glucose uptake

A

increases uptake by causing glut4 to bind to apical surface of cell

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72
Q

6 steps of translocation of Glut4 to the cell membrane

A 
biosynthesis
transported
tethering
docking
fusion
endocytosis
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73
Q

increase in glood glucose during 2-hour period after consumption of a certain amount of CHO compared with equal CHO from reference food

A

Glycemic index GI

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74
Q

This considers quantity and quality of CHO in a food

A

glycemic load

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75
Q

formula for calculating glycemic load

A

GI x g of CHO in 1 serving of food

76
Q

examples of things that affect glycemic index

A

temp
nutrient composition
health of individual
fitness level

77
Q

these monos are used as energy for the liver or made into fatty acids

A

fructose

galactose

78
Q

anabolic or catabolic: glycogenesis

A

anabolic

79
Q

anabolic or catabolic: glycogenolysis

A

catabolic

80
Q

anabolic or catabolic: glycolysis

A

catabolic

81
Q

anabolic or catabolic: gluconeogenesis

A

anabolic

82
Q

anabolic or catabolic: pentose phosphate pathway

A

anabolic

83
Q

anabolic or catabolic: tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

catabolic

84
Q

synthesis of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

85
Q

breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

86
Q

oxidation of glucose

A

glycolysis

87
Q

synthesis of glucose from non CHO intermediates

A

gluconeogenesis

88
Q

production of 5-carbon monos and NADPH

A

pentose phosphate pathway

89
Q

oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and H2O

A

TCA cycle

90
Q

what role in CHO metabolism do kinases play

A

substrate level phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) or phosphorylation of intermediates (hexokinase, pfk))

91
Q

what role in CHO metabolism do dehydrogenases play

A

Oxidize intermediates utilizing NADH and FADH2

92
Q

number of ATP produced by the breakdown of 1 glucose

A

32 (max 38 if system is perfect)

93
Q

this is the main source of energy for GI and brain

A

glycolysis

94
Q

gross atp from glycolysis

A

2

95
Q

gross nadh from glycolysis

A

2

96
Q

these enzymes are major regulation sites in glycolysis

A

PFK (main)
hexokinase
pyruvate kinase

97
Q

galactose enters glycolysis at this step

A

glucose-6P

98
Q

fructose from adipose tissue enters glycolysis at this step

A

fructose-6P

99
Q

fructose from the liver (ingested frucose) enters glycolysis at this step

A

DHAP

GAP

100
Q

fructose is only metabolized here

A

liver

101
Q

aerobic fate of pyruvate

A

TCA cycle

102
Q

anaerobic fate of pyruvate

A

cori cycle

103
Q

pyruvate can be converted to this AA

A

alanine

104
Q

the cori cycle happens in these two places

A

blood cells

active muscles

105
Q

t/f: more energy is used during gluconeogensis than is gained during glycolysis

A

t

106
Q

this enzyme converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA while releasing NADH and CO2, and utilizing CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

107
Q

TCA cycle accounts for this % of energy production from food

A

90

108
Q

number of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 produced from one glucose model passing through the TCA cycle

A

2
6
2

109
Q

this byproduct of CHO metabolism can be used to determine energy production in the body

A

carbon dioxide

110
Q

two major regulatory enzymes in the TCA cycle

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

111
Q

t/f: AA can enter the TCA cycle

A

T

112
Q

T/F: with the utilization of an ATP and CO2 pyruvate can be converted into oxaloacetate

A

T

113
Q

This much NADH is made during the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA

A

2

114
Q

What is the purpose of the Cori cycle

A

turn lactate back into glucose for utilization by skeletal muscle when glucose availability is scarce

115
Q

This system shuttles NADH into the mitochondria from the cytosol by converting NADH to FADH2 through the utilization of G3P and DHAP

A

G3P shuttle system

116
Q

This system shuttles NADH into the mitochondria from the cytosol by utilizing redox reactions involving malate, and two inner mitochondrial membrane transport proteins

A

malate-aspartate shuttle system

117
Q

the more efficient method of shuttling NADH into the mitochodria

A

malate-aspartate shuttle system

118
Q

What is the purpose of the G3P, and malate-aspartate shuttle systems

A

move energy from NADH from the cytosol into the mitochondria

119
Q

this tissue has disfunctional mitochondria and is found in hibernating animals, infants, and some adults

A

brown adipose tissue

120
Q

How is energy harvested from NADH and FADH2 in the ETC

A

NADH gives electrons to complex 1

FADH2 gives electrons to complex 2

121
Q

oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor of the ETC at this complex

A

complex 4

122
Q

these are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane during the ETC to great an energy gradiant which is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP

A

H+

123
Q

glycogen makes up this percent of the livers weight

A

7

124
Q

glycogen makes up this percent of skeletal muscle weight, and this percent of glycogen stores in the body

A

1%

70%

125
Q

T/F: glycogen is formed principally from gluconogenic precursor substances rather than from glucose directly

A

T

126
Q

glycogen is mostly fromed from this gluconeogenic precursor

A

lactate produced from red blood cells

127
Q

how does glycogenesis differ in the liver and skeletal muslces

A

liver uses glucokinase

muslce uses hexokinase to get glucose into the cell

128
Q

during glycogenesis this reacts with G1P to from an activated compound (UDP-Glucose)

A

uridine triphosphate

129
Q

T/F: the dephosphorylated form of glycogen synthase is more active than the phosphorylated form

A

T

130
Q

this hormone facilitates the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase

A

insulin

131
Q

this is the primary target of insulins stimulatory effect on glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase

132
Q

protein glucose is attached to, to from glycogen

A

glycogenin (tyrosine residues)

133
Q

Enzyme used form glycogen

A

Glucosyl transferase (glycogenin)

134
Q

T/F: the less branching on glycogen increases its solubility

A

F

135
Q

This produces more non-reducing ends on glycogen

A

branching

136
Q

This occurs during glycogenolysis

A

non-reducing ends of glycogen are systematically cleaved from the larger molecule to form free glucose

137
Q

what is the significance of branching in glycogen

A

more free non-reducing ends to allow for quicker release of energy

138
Q

difference in location of hexokinase and glucokinase

A

hexokinase is only in muscle

glucokinase is in the liver and pancreas

139
Q

how is the inhibition by G6P different between hexokinase and glucokinase

A

hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by G6P

glucokinase is not inhibited by G6P

140
Q

Km differences between hexokinase and glucokinase

A

hexokinase has a low Km so it functions maximally at fasting blood glucose concentrations
glucokinase has a high Km so it functions maximally when glucose levels are high

141
Q

Induced or not induced by insulin in normal individuals: hexokinase

A

not

142
Q

Induced or not induced by insulin in normal individuals: glucokinase

A

induced

143
Q

Induced or not induced by insulin in insulin resistant individuals: hexokinase

A

not

144
Q

Induced or not induced by insulin in insulin resistant individuals: glucokinase

A

not

145
Q

Anabolic pathway used to generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate to synthesize fatty acid and nucleotide production

A

hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS)

146
Q

Key enzyme of the hexose monophosphate shunt

A

G6P dehydrogenase

147
Q

number of NADPH and R5P made during hexose monophosphate shunt

A

2

1

148
Q

NADPH helps to do these things

A

detoxify
fatty acid synth
reduce oxidative stress

149
Q

the hexose monophosphate shunt is used most in these tissues

A

mammary glands, adipose, and liver

150
Q

these are a major source of free radicals

A

mitochondria

151
Q

glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase make it possible to do this

A

reverse the reactions of glycolysis during gluconeogenesis

152
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase is only found in this organ

A

liver

153
Q

ATP, NADH, and NADPH are used in this mannor to have a negative or positive modulation of allowsteric enzymes

A

sense of how much energy is in the body

154
Q

5 substances that are gluconeogenic

A 
pyruvate
lactate
glycerol
alanine
glutamine
155
Q

this hormone uses covalent modification to regulate the synthesis (decreases) and degredation (increases) of glycogen

A

glucagon

156
Q

this condition stimulates the release of glucagon

A

low blood glucose

157
Q

this hormone acts similarly to glucagon in CHO metabolism

A

epinephrine

158
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occr

A

liver

159
Q

3 enzymes which act as major regulation factors for glycolysis

A

hexokinase
PFK
pyruvate kinase

160
Q

4 enzymes which act as a major regulation factors for gluconeogensis

A

glucose 6 phosphatase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
pyruvate carboxylase

161
Q

nondigestable CHO and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants

A

dietary fiber

162
Q

nondigestable CHO that are isolated, extracted, or manufactured and know to ahve physiological benefits

A

functional fiber

163
Q

Cellulose is this type of fiber

A

dietary and functional

164
Q

heterogeneous group of polysaccharide substances, dietary fiber

A

hemicellulose

165
Q

water-soluble, gel-froming, dietary and functional fiber that is stable at low pH

A

pectin

166
Q

dietary and functional fiber, insoluble in water, hydrophobic binding capacity, generally poorle fermented by colonic bacteria
structural component of plant

A

lignin

167
Q

dietary and functional fiber, tree and shrub exudate, composed of sugars and derivatives

A

gums (hydrocolloids)

168
Q

dietary and functional fiber, water-soluble, inproves glycemic control and lowers cholesterol

A

B-glucans

169
Q

inulin, oligofructose, fructooligosaccharides

A

fructans

170
Q

dietary fibers, prebiotics (found in fiber one products)

A

fructans

171
Q

this fructan can be used to replace fat in recipes

A

inulin

172
Q

recommended consumption of resistant starch to obtain health benificts

A

20g/day

173
Q

amylose tightly packed together and cannot be digested or absorbed by humans

A

resistant starch

174
Q

similar to cellulose in cell walls, found in exoskeletons, and interacts with cholestrol

A

chitin

chitosan

175
Q

used as bulking agen or sugar substitue

A

polydextrose

176
Q

polyglycitol and malitol, found in syrups

A

polyols

177
Q

functional fiber, mucilage from husk of psyllium seeds, high water binding capacity and provides viscosity

A

psyllium

178
Q

4 important properties of fiber

A

solubility in water
water-holding capacity and viscosity
absorption or binding ability
degradability/fermentability

179
Q

this type of fiber dissolves in hot water

A

soluble

180
Q

this type of fiber doesnt dissolve in hot water

A

insoluble

181
Q

only three insoluble fibers given in class

A

lignin
cellulose
hemicellulose

182
Q

soluble fiber can cause gel formation leading two the 4 following

A

decrease nutrient absorption
increase transit time
decreased digestive function (binding)
decrease in rate of gastric emptying

183
Q

T/F: insoluble fiber can do everything soluble fiber can

A

F, true in reverse

184
Q

how does fiber aid in disease management

A

cardiovascular disease
diabetes
obesity and weight control

185
Q

3 characterisitcs of soluble fiber not shared by insoluble fiber

A

delay gastric emptying
increase transit time
decrease nutrient absorption

186
Q

2 characteristics of insoluble fiber notshared by soluble fiber

A

decrease transit time

increase fecal bulk

187
Q

T/F: inadequate intake of fiber is related to diverticular disease, colon cancer, and constibation

A

T

NUTR-455 (4 decks)

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