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NUTR-455 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

trials with a control group for comparison

A

controlled trial

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2
Q

subjects allocated to an intervention or control group but without randomization method

A

non-randomized controlled trial

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3
Q

subjects allocated randomly to an intervention or control group

A

randomized controlled trial

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4
Q

Type of observational study which looks at the cohort at a specific point in time

A

cross-sectional study

observational

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5
Q

type of observational study which looks at a group with a case and one without the case

A

case-control study (observational)

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6
Q

study which looks into the past of a cohort

A

retrospective cohort study (observational)

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7
Q

study which follows a cohort into the future

A

prospective cohort study (observational)

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8
Q

Examine etiology and causal associations

A

analytic study

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9
Q

organelle responsible for lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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10
Q

organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

organelle which is the packaging center of the cell

A

golgi apparatus

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12
Q

organelle responsible for digestion

A

lysosome

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13
Q

power house of the cell

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

examples of materials which make up the cytoplasmic matrix

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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15
Q

Reactions that occur in the mitochondria

A 
TCA
ETC
FAox
amino acid metabolism
carboxylation of pyruvate
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16
Q

Functions of proteins in cells

A

receptors
transporters
enzymes

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17
Q

molecular stimuli that attach to receptors

A

ligand

ex. hormones, growth factors, antibodies, nutrients

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18
Q

Mechanisms of signal transduction

A

internal chemical signal
ion channel
internalized stimuli

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19
Q

This occurs to start an internal chemical signal

A

ligand binds to external receptor
g-protein activates adenylyl cyclase
cAMP activates protein kinase A resulting in cellular response

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20
Q

This type of channel often uses a ligand to allow charge particles across an otherwise impassable membrane

A

ion channels

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21
Q

In this process, a ligand binds to a receptor that is then invaginated into the cell, digested by the lysosome, and then stimulates cellular response

A

internalized stimuli

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22
Q

maximum reaction rate

A

Vmax (top line on graph)

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23
Q

substrate concentration at which the rxn rate is half of Vmax

A

Km

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24
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which one compound is oxidized, another reduced

A

oxidoreductases

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25
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which a functional group transferred from one substrate to another

A

transferase

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26
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which carbon bonds are hydrolyzed

A

hydrolases

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27
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which the cleavage of C-C, C-S, and C-N bonds occur

A

lysases

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28
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which interconversion of optical or geometric isomers occur

A

isomeraces

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29
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions which catalyze formation of C and other bonds (O,S,N,others)

A

Ligases

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30
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which phosphorylation occurs

A

Kinases

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31
Q

type of enzyme regulation which causes another enzyme to change from inactive to its active form

A

covalent modification

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32
Q

Type of modification in which the enzyme has another site besides the catalytic site that affects enzyme activity

A

allosteric modification

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33
Q

Type of enzyme regulation which leads to an increase/decrease of enzyme concentration depending on the presence of substrate

A

induction

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34
Q

The energy which must be imposed on the system to raise the reactants to their transition state

A

activation energy

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35
Q

If deltaG is less than 0

A

exothermic

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36
Q

If deltaG is greater that 0

A

endothermic

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37
Q

osmotic work

A

active transport

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38
Q

chemical work

A

biosynthesis

anabolism

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39
Q

mechanical work

A

muscular contraction

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40
Q

energy is released during this process and stored as ATP

A

Nutrient catabolism

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41
Q

detecting gene variants within an individual

A

nutrigenetics

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42
Q

enviormental factors that have an effect on the expression of genes, identifying which genes respond to which environmental factors, defining the mechansim involved, and determining useful health-related application of those interventions

A

nutrigenomics

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43
Q

study of changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

A

nutritional epigenetics

44
Q

These types of reactions are favorable (downhill)

A

exothermic

45
Q

components of saliva (5/6)

A 
water
electrolytes
mucus
enzymes
antibacterial and viral compounds
46
Q

Salivary amylase

A

small amount of carb breakdown

47
Q

lingual lipase

A

breaks down lipids, more prevalent in infants

48
Q

key electrolytes in saliva

A

sodium
potassium
chloride

49
Q

food mixed with saliva

A

bolus

50
Q

bolus mixed with gastric juices

A

chyme

51
Q

components of gastric juice

A

HCl
3 enzymes, pepsin, amylase, lipase
mucus
intrinsic factor

52
Q

Functions of HCl in the gastric juice

A

kills bacteria
releases nutrients from organic compounds
denatures protein
converts pepsinogen to pepsin

53
Q

functions of pepsin in the gastric juice

A

most active enzyme in the juice, digests proteins

54
Q

function of amylase, and lipase in gastric juice

A

break down carbs, and lipids respectively

55
Q

Four major digestive system ‘juices’ in ascending order of acidity

A

bile
pancreatic juice
saliva
gastric juice

56
Q

function of mucus in the gastric juice

A

protects the lining of the stomach

57
Q

function of intrinsic factor in the gastric juice

A

helps absorb B12

58
Q

What is secreted from neck cells in the stomach

A

located close to the surface mucosa which secrete bicarbonate and mucus

59
Q

what is secrete from parietal (oxynitic) cells

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

60
Q

what is secreted from chief cells (peptic or zymogenic cells)

A

pepsinogens

61
Q

What is secreted from enteroendocrine G-cells

A

variety of hormones

62
Q

Factors that affect gastric emptying rate

A 
fiber (slows)
lipids (slows)
Large volumes of chyme (increase)
hypertonic/hyoptonic chyme in duodenum (slows)
salts and monosaccharides (slow)
Hormones (varies)
hardness of food (slows)
63
Q

the sublayers of the small intestine from outside to in

A 
serosa
muscularis externa
submucosa
Mucosa
lumen
64
Q

features of the submucosa

A

contain many immune cells

65
Q

serosa

A

protective layer

66
Q

muscularis

A

moves and mixes food

67
Q

mucosa

A

start of absorption

68
Q

Lipids are absorbed here

A

jejunum (end)

69
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed here

A

Jejunum (end)

70
Q

aminoacids are absorbed here

A

jejunum (end)

71
Q

bile salts/acids are absorbed here

A

terminal ileum

72
Q

Sodium, chloride, and potassium are absorbed here

A

large intestine

73
Q

Short chain fatty acids are abosrbed here

A

end of large intestine

74
Q

Vit K is absorbed here

A

large intestine

75
Q

B12 is absorbed here

A

ileum

76
Q

majority of water is absorbed here

A

large intestine (Beginning)

77
Q

what are the components of pancreatic juice

A 
Sodium BiCarb
Pancreatic amylase and lipase
proteolytic enzymes (procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, collegenase)
Tripsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
78
Q

enzyme that needs activated is called

A

zymogen

79
Q

What coverts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

enteropeptininase

80
Q

what turns chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

A

trypsin

81
Q

pepsinogen (pepsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule

A

stomach

protein

82
Q

trypsinogen (trypsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule

A

pancreas

protein

83
Q

chymotripsinogen (chymotrypsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule

A

pancreas

protein

84
Q

what purpose does bicarb serve in pancreatic juice

A

neutralizes the acidity of the chyme

85
Q

where is bile secreted

A

small intestine (duodenum)

86
Q

how does bile aid digestion

A

bile causes lipids in the small intestine to form micelles so they can be acted on by lipase

87
Q

What are the primary bile acids

A

cholic acid

chenodeoxycholic acid

88
Q

where is bile stored

A

gallbladder

89
Q

describe the enterohepatic circulation of bile

A

bile is synthesized from cholesterol, and as it is diegested after release a majority of it is reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver where it is converted back to bile salts and reenters the digestive tract

90
Q

Ways to decrease blood cholesterol

A

phytosterols/stanols bind bile/cholesterol and cause its excretion in the feces
Bile acid sequestrants are medications which bind components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent its reabsorption

91
Q

how does gastrin regulate digestion

A

stimulates gastric motility and/or secretions

92
Q

how does motilin regulate digestion

A

stimulates gastric motiility and/or secretions

stimulates intestinal motility and/or secretions

93
Q

how does cholecystokinin regulate digestion

A

inhibits gastric motility and/or secretions

stimulates pancreas and/or gallbladder secretions (increases signaling to gallbladder to release bile)

94
Q

how does secretin regulate digestion

A

inhibits gastric motility and/or secretions

stimulates pancreas and/or gallbladder secretions (signal bile and bicarb production)

95
Q

CCK and Secretin release is stimulated when this occurs

A

food enters duodenum

96
Q

gastrin comes from here

A

entero-g cells

97
Q

gastrin release can be stimulated by these two things

A

vagus nerve

gastric distension

98
Q

acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin all have this affect on gastric regulation

A

increase acid production in the stomach

99
Q

live culture that is ingested

A

probiotics

100
Q

food that can profice nourishment for probiotics. Non-digestable CHO, like soluble plant fibers

A

prebiotics

101
Q

Causes of GERD

A

weak esophageal sphincter, diet, smoking, high fat diet, alcohol, caffeine

102
Q

treatment of GERD

A 
smaller meals
avoid laying down after meals
control weight
stop smoking
avoid: caffeine, citrus, spicy foods, mints, alcohol
acid neutralizers
proton pump inhibitors
histamine receptor blockers
103
Q

causes of peptic ulcers

A

Heliobacter pylori

chronic use of alcohol, asprin, NSAIDS

104
Q

How does a cholecystectomy affect digestion

A

must be careful with how much fat is consumed after the surgery

105
Q

how is celiac disease treated

A

avoiding foods which contain gluten, a structural protein found in Rye, Barley, and Wheat

NUTR-455 (4 decks)

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