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Religions of the World > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amaterasu

A

“Shining in heaven”; goddess of the sun.

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2
Q

bushido

A

“Warrior knight way”; military devotion to a ruler, demanding loyalty, duty, and self-sacrifice; an ideal promoted by State Shinto.

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3
Q

gagaku

A

The stately ceremonial music of Shinto

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4
Q

Ise

A

Location in southeastern Honshu of a major shrine to Amaterasu.

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5
Q

Izanagi

A

“Male who invites”; primordial male parent god.

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6
Q

Izanami

A

“Female who invites”; primordial female parent god.

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7
Q

jinja

A

A Shinto shrine

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8
Q

kami

A

A spirit, god, or goddess of Shinto

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9
Q

kamidana

A

A shelf or home altar for the veneration of kami.

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10
Q

kamikaze

A

“Spirit wind”; suicide fighter pilots of World War II

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11
Q

Kojiki

A

The earliest chronicle of Japanese ancient myths

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12
Q

misogi

A

A ritual of purification that involves standing under a waterfall

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13
Q

Nihongi

A

The second chronicle of Japanese myths and history

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14
Q

Noh

A

Dramas performed in mask and costume, associated with Shinto

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15
Q

Omoto

A

A New Religion, which stresses art and beauty.

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16
Q

samurai

A

Feudal soldier

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17
Q

shimenawa

A

Twisted rope, marking a sacred spot

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18
Q

Tenrikyo

A

A New Religion devoted to human betterment

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19
Q

torii

A

A gatelike structure that marks a Shinto sacred place.

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20
Q

The term Shinto comes from the Chinese slen-dao, which means “ ______”

A

the way of the gods

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21
Q

In the Shinto creation myth, primeval chaos became populated by several generations of deities, or spirits, called ______.

A

kami

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22
Q

In Shinto mythology, the sun goddess Amaterasu sent her grandson to bring order to the islands of Japan. From her grandson came Jimmu, the first ______ of Japan.

A

emperor

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23
Q

The entry of _____ into Japan forced Shinto to define itself. They preached that their deities were already being worshiped in Japan under Shinto names.

A

Buddhists

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24
Q

A turning point in Japanese history was the ______, named after the emperor who began a deliberate process of bringing Japan into the modern world in the late nineteenth century.

A

Meiji Restoration

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25
Q

When ____ ended, the Occupation forces demanded that Japan become a secular country, and state Shinto was abolished.

A

World War II

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26
Q

A visit to a shrine begins by passing under a torii, which looks like a ceremonial entrance or gateway. After washing their hands and mouths with water, worshipers proceed to a courtyard building, called the _____, where the kami is worshiped.

A

haiden

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27
Q

Shinto is known for its distinctive music, called ________, which uses instruments that make a flutelike, reedy sound that seems close yet far away, timeless yet fresh and new.

A

gagaku

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28
Q

Daily Shinto worship occurs in the home, where a small shrine called the _____ is maintained.

A

kamidana

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29
Q

One of the so-called New Religions, an offshoot of Shinto, is _______ (“heavenly reason teaching”), which preaches healing by faith. A
central notion of this religion is that physical health comes from mental health.

A

Tenrikyo

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30
Q

What aspects of both Buddhism and Shinto make them compatible enough to be practiced alongside one another in Japan?

A

The similarities between venerating the kami and the bodhisattvas could allow for the incorporation of both ideas into shrine visits.

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31
Q

What aspects of Shinto keep it relevant in modern Japan?

A

Shinto promotes nationalism, and that can translate into patriotic views of one’s country. The continued presence of natural features such as Mt. Fuji that are associated with the kami and with their creation of the Japanese islands make the land itself a constant reminder of the traditional views and spirituality.

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32
Q

Toward what is the primary focus of Shinto directed?

A

spirits of nature and the ancestors

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33
Q

According to Shinto beliefs, what is true of human beings?

A

They are fundamentally good.

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34
Q

On what aspect of religion does Shinto put great emphasis?

A

careful rituals

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35
Q

What does the word kamikaze, or “spirit wind,” often refer to?

A

suicide pilots

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36
Q

What is meant by State Shinto?

A

a former system of national shrines

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37
Q

Ashkenazim

A

Jews who lived in or came from central Europe

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38
Q

bar (bat) mitzvah

A

“Son (daughter) of the commandment” (Aramaic); the coming-of-age ceremony
that marks the time when a young person is considered a legal adult within the Jewish community.

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39
Q

biblical Judaism

A

Judaism before the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE)

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40
Q

Canaan

A

An ancient name for the land of Israel

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41
Q

Conservative Judaism

A

A branch of Judaism that attempts to blend the best of old and new Judaism

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42
Q

covenant

A

A contract; the contract between the Hebrews and their God, Yahweh

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43
Q

diaspora

A

The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel, particularly to Persia, Egypt, and the Mediterranean region

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44
Q

Essenes

A

A reclusive semi monastic Jewish group that flourished from c. 150 BCE to 68 CE

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45
Q

Hanukkah

A

An early-winter festival
recalling the rededication of the Second Temple,
celebrated with the lighting of candles for eight
days.

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46
Q

Holocaust

A

The destruction of European Judaism by the Nazis; also known as Shoah

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47
Q

Shoah

A

Hebrew: extermination

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48
Q

Kabbalah

A

“Received,” “handed down”; the whole body of Jewish mystical literature

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49
Q

Ketuvim

A

“Writings”; the third section of the Hebrew scriptures, consisting primarily of poetry, proverbs, and literary works

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50
Q

kosher

A

“Ritually correct”; refers particularly to food preparation and food consumption

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51
Q

menorah

A

A candelabrum usually containing seven—and occasionally nine—branches,
used for religious celebrations.

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52
Q

Messiah

A

A savior figure to be sent by God, awaited by the Jews

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53
Q

midrash

A

“Search”; rabbinical commentary on the scriptures and oral law

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54
Q

Nevi’im

A

“Prophets”; the second

section of the Hebrew scriptures, made up of historical and prophetic books.

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55
Q

Orthodox Judaism

A

the most traditional branch of Judaism

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56
Q

Passover

A

A joyful spring festival that recalls the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt and freedom
from oppression.

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57
Q

Pharisees

A

A faction during the Second Temple period that emphasized the observance of biblical rules.

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58
Q

prophet

A

a person inspired by God to speak for him

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59
Q

Purim

A

A joyous festival in early spring
that recalls the Jews’ being saved from destruction,
as told in the Book of Esther.

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60
Q

rabbi

A

A religious teacher; a Jewish minister

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61
Q

rabbinical Judaism

A

Judaism that developed after

the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE).

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62
Q

Reconstructionism

A

A modern liberal branch of

Judaism that emphasizes the cultural aspects of Judaism.

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63
Q

Reform

A

A movement beginning in the nineteenth century that questioned and modernized Judaism; a liberal branch of Judaism.

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64
Q

Rosh Hashanah

A

“Beginning of the year”; the celebration of the Jewish New

Year, occurring in the seventh lunar month.

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65
Q

Sabbath

A

“Rest”; the seventh day of the week (Saturday), a day of prayer and rest from work

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66
Q

Sadducees

A

A priestly faction, influential during the Second Temple period

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67
Q

Seder

A

“Order”; a special ritual meal at

Passover, recalling the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt.

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68
Q

Sephardim

A

Jews of Spain, Morocco, and the Mediterranean region

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69
Q

Sukkot

A

“Booths”; a festival in the late

autumn that recalls the Jews’ period of wandering in the desert after their exodus from Egypt.

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70
Q

talit

A

A prayer shawl worn by devout males

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71
Q

Talmud

A

an encyclopedic commentary on the Hebrew scriptures

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72
Q

Tanakh

A

The complete Hebrew scriptures, made up of the Torah, Prophets (Nevi’im), and
Writings (Ketuvim).

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73
Q

tefillin

A

Phylacteries; two small boxes

containing biblical passages that are worn by Orthodox males on the head and left arm at morning prayer during the week.

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74
Q

theophany

A

A revelation or appearance of God

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75
Q

Torah

A

“Teaching,” “instruction”; the
first five books of the Hebrew scriptures; also, the additional instructions of God, believed by
many to have been transmitted orally from Moses through a succession of teachers and
rabbis.

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76
Q

Western Wall

A

The foundation stones of the western wall of the last temple of Jerusalem, today a place of prayer.

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77
Q

yarmulke

A

the skullcap worn by devout males

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78
Q

Yom Kippur

A

Day of Atonement, the most sacred day of the Jewish year.

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79
Q

Zealots

A

An anti-Roman, nationalistic Jewish faction, active during the Roman period of control over Israel.

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80
Q

Zionism

A

A movement that has encouraged the creation and support of the nation of Israel.

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81
Q

The destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 ce brought
about the end of the ______ ceremonial religion of Israel.

A

temple-based

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82
Q

The Hebrew Bible is divided into three sections: _____.

A

Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim

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83
Q

________ is the first Hebrew patriarch. God entered into a solemn covenant with him, which involved a promise of land, protection, and descendants.

A

Abraham

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84
Q

In a story from Genesis, Jacob wrestles all night long with a mysterious stranger—God or God’s Angel. At dawn, the fight is over, and Jacob receives from the stranger a new name, _______ , which means “wrestles with God.”

A

Israel

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85
Q

In Hebrew, the name for God, usually associated with the verb hayah (“to be”), is commonly written _______.

A

Yahweh

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86
Q

The Babylonian _______ contains legal material and nonlegal anecdotes and tales.

A

Talmud

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87
Q

In eighteenth-century central Europe, Jewish traditionalism expressed itself in both Talmudic scholarship and the devotional movement _______ (“devotion,” “piety”).

A

Hasidism

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88
Q

By the end of World War II, an estimated six million Jews had been killed. This immense loss is called the ________ (Greek: “completely burned”) or Shoah (Hebrew: “extermination”).

A

Holocaust

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89
Q

Traditional Judaism is often called ______ Judaism.

A

Orthodox

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90
Q

________, the newest and smallest branch of Judaism, grew out of the thought of
its founder, Mordecai Kaplan.

A

Reconstructionist Judaism

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91
Q

How is it that the Jewish dietary laws can be said to give women an opportunity to express a certain amount of social power?

A

Given that the law is very specific with regard to what can be eaten and when, as well as what activities can take place while a woman is menstruating, women have an important task in keeping the domestic sphere kosher.

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92
Q

How would you characterize the role of history in the formation of Jewish religious identity?

A

The historic reality of places, nations, and empires in the sacred narrative can serve to verify the truth of the more miraculous aspects such as Moses parting the Red Sea.

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93
Q

Why might it be that the conversion to Judaism is a more difficult path than in some other religious traditions?

A

The idea of a genealogical peoplehood is very important in the Jewish identity and their special relationship to God as his chosen people. To commit to Judaism is to participate in the entire history of Israel.

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94
Q

What is Zionism?

A

a movement that urges Jews to live in Israel

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95
Q

How does the Hebrew Bible treat historical events?

A

as signs of divine activity

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96
Q

Who were the moral conscience of the Hebrew people?

A

prophets

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97
Q

According to the Book of Exodus, what plague was the last to strike the Egyptians?

A

the death of first‐born sons

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98
Q

How is the Jewish view of God best expressed?

A

God is creator and judge.

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99
Q

apocalypticism

A

The belief that the world will soon come to an end; this belief usually includes the notion of a great battle, final judgment, and reward of the good.

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100
Q

apostle

A

One of Jesus’s twelve disciples; also, any early preacher of Christianity.

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101
Q

baptism

A

The Christian rite of initiation, involving immersion in water or sprinkling with water.

102
Q

Bible (Christian)

A

The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.

103
Q

bishop

A

“Overseer” (Greek); a priest and church leader who is in charge of a large geographical
area called a diocese.

104
Q

canon

A

“Measure,” “rule” (Greek); a list

of authoritative books or documents.

105
Q

ecumenism

A

Dialogue between Christian denominations

106
Q

Eucharist

A

“Good gift” (Greek); the Lord’s Supper

107
Q

evangelical

A

Emphasizing the authority of scripture; an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups.

108
Q

evangelist

A

“Good news person” (Greek); one of the four “authors” of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

109
Q

filioque

A

“And from the Son”; a Latin word added to the creeds in the Western Church to state that the Holy Spirit arises from
both Father and Son. The notion, which was not accepted by Orthodox Christianity, contributed to the separation between the Western and Eastern churches.

110
Q

gospel

A

“Good news” (Middle English); an account of the life of Jesus

111
Q

icon

A

“Image” (Greek); religious painting on wood, as used in the Orthodox Church; also spelled ikon.

112
Q

incarnation

A

“in flesh” (Latin); a belief that God became visible in Jesus

113
Q

indulgence

A

“Kindness-toward” (Latin); remission of the period spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); an aspect of
Catholic belief and practice.

114
Q

Lent

A

“Lengthening day,” “spring” (Old English); the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days.

115
Q

Messiah

A

“Anointed” (Hebrew); a special messenger sent by God, foretold in the Hebrew scriptures and believed by Christians to be Jesus.

116
Q

original sin

A

An inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam’s disobedience.

117
Q

orthodox

A

“Straight opinion” (Greek); correct belief

118
Q

Orthodoxy

A

The major Eastern branch of Christianity

119
Q

patriarch

A

“Father source” (Greek); the bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and
Moscow).

120
Q

pope

A

“Father” (Latin and Greek); the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church;
the term is also used for the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria.

121
Q

predestination

A

The belief that because God is allpowerful and all-knowing, a human being’s ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God; a notion emphasized in Calvinism.

122
Q

Protestant Principle

A

The right of each believer

to radically rethink and interpret the ideas and values of Christianity, apart from any church authority.

123
Q

redemption

A

“Buy again,” “buy back” (Latin); the belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of
justice for all human wrongdoing.

124
Q

righteousness

A

Being sinless in the sight of God; also called justification.

125
Q

sacrament

A

“Sacred action” (Latin); one of the essential rituals of Christianity.

126
Q

sin

A

Wrongdoing, seen as disobedience to God

127
Q

Testament

A

“Contract”; the Old Testament and New Testament constitute the Christian scriptures.

128
Q

Trinity

A

The three “Persons” in God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

129
Q

In what way would acceptance of scientific principles create problems for more conservative Christians?

A

Opening the Bible text to literary analysis and miraculous events to scientific inquiry may seem to contradict issues of faith.

130
Q

Regarding the relationship to God, what is one key difference between the story associated with Judaism and that of Christianity?

A

Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come, while Christians believe that Jesus was this Messiah.

131
Q

What is the key way that ideas of gender are affected by scriptural references to God?

A

Because God is referred to as male and Jesus was a male, the images associated with holiness are naturally going to be masculine.

132
Q

In Jesus’s time, what power controlled Israel?

A

Rome

133
Q

Which book is found in the New Testament?

A

Hebrews

134
Q

Paul, John the Baptist, and Jesus may have been influenced by the celebration of celibacy common among what Jewish sect?

A

Essenes

135
Q

What was an essential part of the teaching of Jesus?

A

to love one another

136
Q

When early Christian belief spread outside Israel, it was spread particularly by what missionary?

A

Paul

137
Q

caliph

A

(Arabic: khalifa) “successor”; a religious and political leader.

138
Q

dhikr

A

A devotional remembrance of Allah through the recitation of his ninety-nine names
and other devotional practices.

139
Q

fana

A

“Extinction”; the sense of loss of self in mystical experience.

140
Q

hadith

A

“Recollection”; a remembrance
of an act or saying of Muhammad. (The plural is
spelled hadiths or ahadith.)

141
Q

Hajj

A

pilgrimage to Mecca

142
Q

Hijra

A

“Flight”; Muhammad’s escape from Mecca to Yathrib (medina)

143
Q

Id al-Adha

A

The Day of Sacrifice during the month of the Hajj when an animal is sacrificed to recall the submission of Abraham.

144
Q

Id al-Fitr

A

The festival at the end of the month of Ramadan during which people feast and visit friends and often the graves of
ancestors.

145
Q

imam

A

A religious leader; specifically,
one of the hereditary successors of Muhammad,
venerated in Shiite Islam.

146
Q

Islam

A

“Submission”; the Muslim religion and the community of believers who have submitted
themselves to Allah.

147
Q

jihad

A

“Struggle”; the ideals of (1) spreading Islamic belief and (2) heroic self-sacrifice.

148
Q

Kabah

A

“Cube”; the square shrine at the center of the Grand Mosque of Mecca.

149
Q

Khadijah

A

First wife of Muhammad

150
Q

mihrab

A

the decorated niche inside a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

151
Q

minaret

A

a tower used by a chanter to call people to prayer

152
Q

mosque

A

a Muslim place of worship

153
Q

muezzin

A

A chanter who calls people to prayer

154
Q

Muslim

A

a person who submits to Allah

155
Q

qiblah

A

The direction toward Mecca; the direction toward which Muslims pray.

156
Q

Qur’an

A

“Recitation”; God’s words as revealed to and recited by Muhammad; an authorized edition of the written words that appeared after Muhammad’s death.

157
Q

Ramadan

A

The month of fasting; the ninth month of the Muslim calendar

158
Q

Sharia

A

“Path”; the whole body of Islamic laws that guides a Muslim’s life. (Also spelled Shariah.)

159
Q

Shiite

A

A minority branch of Islam, which holds that Muhammad’s genuine successors descended from his son-in-law Ali.

160
Q

Sufism

A

a group of devotional movements in Islam

161
Q

Sunni

A

The majority branch of Islam,

which holds that genuine succession from Muhammad did not depend on hereditary descent from his son-in-law Ali.

162
Q

sura

A

A chapter of the Qur’an

163
Q

Islam literally means “_____.”

A

submission

164
Q

Muslims refer to God as _____. The word is a contraction of two Arabic words that mean “the” and “God.”

A

Allah

165
Q

The ______ is the single sentence, when recited with belief, that makes a person a Muslim.

A

Shahadah

166
Q

Fasting is thought to be an important bond that unites Muslims during the period of shared fasting known as _______.

A

Ramadan

167
Q

All Muslims, unless prevented by poverty or sickness, are expected to visit Mecca at
least once in their lifetime in the religious journey (pilgrimage) known as _______.

A

Hajj

168
Q

The name Qur’an means “_____.”

A

recitation

169
Q

______ was the water of Muhammad’s youngest wife and was recognized as the first Caliph.

A

Abu Bakr

170
Q

______ derive their name from an Arabic word that means “faction” and are the group that followed Ali.

A

Shiites

171
Q

______ take their name from the Arabic word for “tradition,” referring back to the entire body of traditional teachings that are based on the life and teachings of Muhammad, as given in the Qur’an and the authoritative hadiths.

A

Sunnis

172
Q

Islamic law, called ____ , is the entire body of laws that guides the believer in this life.

A

Sharia

173
Q

How do Muslims view the Qur’an in the context of the Hebrew and Christian scriptures?

A

Islam sees the Qur’an as the last and final prophetic word of God that began with Genesis.

174
Q

What is one key way that Christianity and Islam are alike in the response to modernity?

A

Both see modern values and ideas as potentially corrupting, drawing attention away from God’s desires for the world.

175
Q

How does Islam interact with civil society in Muslim majority countries?

A

The Qur’an is often used to dictate the actions of individuals. The call to prayer is heard throughout the area by both Muslims and non-Muslims, announcing the presence of the religious community.

176
Q

What is required during the month‐long fast that observant Muslims keep?

A

no eating or drinking of anything during daylight hours

177
Q

What is the minaret?

A

a tower used to call Muslims to prayer

178
Q

Where did Muhammad receive his first revelations?

A

in a cave

179
Q

During the pilgrimage, men must wear the robe of Abraham. What is an accurate description of this robe?

A

a two‐piece robe of white cloth

180
Q

What is one part of the pilgrimage ritual?

A

throwing stones at walls

181
Q

alliance

A

In Cao Dai, one of three periods of special divine revelation

182
Q

Anthroposophy

A

“Human wisdom” (Greek); a movement that grew out of

Theosophy and emphasizes education and other practical means for spiritual development.

183
Q

auditor

A

In Scientology, a counselor who, through a series of questions, works to guide a person to greater self-understanding.

184
Q

Bab

A

“Door,” “gate”; a prophet who was the forerunner of Baha’u’llah, the founder of Baha’i.

185
Q

Baha’i

A

A modern monotheistic religion that grew out of Islam and emphasizes unity and equality of individuals, cultures,
and religions; a follower of the Baha’i religion.

186
Q

Baha’u’llah

A

“Glory of Allah” (Arabic);

the founder of Baha’i.

187
Q

bard

A

A first-level initiate in Druidism; also, a follower of a path in Druidism.

188
Q

Bridge

A

In Scientology, a diagram of the stages toward personal liberation.

189
Q

Candomble

A

The syncretic religion of Brazil that blends elements of Portuguese Catholicism and African religions.

190
Q

Cao Dai

A

“High palace”; a syncretic religion that began in Vietnam and that blends Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Catholic Christianity.

191
Q

Church Universal and Triumphant

A

A religion that unites elements from Theosophy and Christianity; also referred to as CUT.

192
Q

clear

A

In Scientology, the state of mental liberation; the person who has achieved mental liberation; also referred to as operating thetan, or OT.

193
Q

Contemporary Paganism

A

A general name for several

movements that attempt to reestablish a preChristian European nature religion; also called Neo-Paganism.

194
Q

dreadlocks

A

the long coiled hair worn by some Rastafarians

195
Q

Druid

A

“Oak-tree wisdom”; a Celtic priest of two thousand years ago; a follower of the modern re-creation of Druidism.

196
Q

e-meter

A

In Scientology, an electronic machine that reads galvanic skin response; sometimes used to assist the auditing process.

197
Q

engram

A

In Scientology, an experience of earlier suffering (even from a past life) that keeps a person
from relating healthily to the present.

198
Q

equinox

A

“Equal night” (Latin); the two days of the year, in the spring and autumn, when the hours
of daylight and nighttime are equal.

199
Q

Esbat

A

In Wicca, the time of the full moon, often marked by a meeting or ceremony

200
Q

eurhythmy

A

“Good rhythm” (Greek); a type of interpretive dance utilized in Anthroposophy as a technique for spiritual growth.

201
Q

falun

A

“Law wheel” (Chinese); an invisible spiritual wheel, believed by followers of Falun
Gong to spin in the abdominal region, distilling and spreading energy from the universe.

202
Q

Falun Gong

A

“Law-wheel energy” (Chinese); a modern Chinese religion that uses meditation and physical exercises in its practice.

203
Q

loa

A

A deity in Voodoo

204
Q

MEST

A

In Scientology, an acronym for matter, energy, space, and time; the world of time and space, the world in which spirits must live.

205
Q

ocha

A

In Santeria, any deity

206
Q

operating thetan

A

In Scientology, a fully liberated person; also referred to as OT or clear

207
Q

orisha

A

A general name for a deity in the Yoruba-tradition religions

208
Q

Oshun

A

A female deity in Santería who

is associated with love and marriage.

209
Q

ovate

A

A second-level initiate in Druidism; also, a follower of a path of Druidism.

210
Q

pre-clear

A

In Scientology, a person who is not yet spiritually liberated and who is just beginning to
undergo the auditing process.

211
Q

Qigong

A

“Energy force” (Chinese); a type of martial art that is thought to increase health and strength.

212
Q

Ras Tafari

A

The original name of Emperor Haile Selassie, often used by Rastafarians to emphasize his religious significance.

213
Q

Rastafarianism

A

A religion that began in Jamaica in the 1920s to emphasize African pride; it considers Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) to be divine.

214
Q

Rede

A

“Advice,” “counsel”; a term used in Wicca to describe its maxim that an act is allowable if it does no harm: “An [if] it harm none, do what you will.”

215
Q

Sabbat

A

One of eight seasonal turning

points marked by Wiccans and Druids.

216
Q

santera

A

a priestess of Santeria

217
Q

Santeria

A

“Saint-thing” or “saintway” (Spanish); a Yoruba-based religion that developed in Cuba and was influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

218
Q

santero

A

A priest of Santeria

219
Q

Scientology

A

“Knowledge-study” (Latin and Greek); a modern religion that promotes a process of focusing thought and clarifying life goals.

220
Q

Shango

A

In Santería, a popular

god associated with lightning and powerful storms.

221
Q

solstice

A

“Sun-stands” (Latin); the two days of the year, at midwinter and midsummer, when the
season begins to reverse itself.

222
Q

Theosophy

A

“Divine wisdom” (Greek); an eclectic movement, particularly influenced by Hinduism, that focuses on the mystical elements of all religions.

223
Q

thetan

A

In Scientology, the human soul

224
Q

Voodoo

A

A religion that developed in Haiti that blends elements from French Catholicism and African religions.

225
Q

Wicca

A

A Contemporary Pagan movement that seeks harmony with the forces of nature and
worships both the female and male aspects of the divine.

226
Q

The term _____ is used to describe the mixture of various elements from different religions.

A

syncretic

227
Q

______ is the best-known manifestation of the Contemporary Pagan movement. It is an Old English word that suggests associations with magic, separation, and holiness.

A

Wicca

228
Q

______ were an elite group of ancient Celtic professionals who acted as judges, teachers, counselors, doctors, and priests.

A

Druids

229
Q

_____, a religion that grew up in Spanish colonial Cuba, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism.

A

Santeria

230
Q

______, a religion that developed in French colonial Haiti, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism.

A

Voodoo

231
Q

______ shows a strong interest in mystically oriented teachings from all sources—among them, Hindu Vedanta, the Jewish Kabbalah, and Gnosticism.

A

Theosophy

232
Q

_______ was founded by L. Ron Hubbard. It holds that the core of the human being is a spiritual reality, which it calls the thetan.

A

Scientology

233
Q

In Falun Gong, the _____ is believed to be an invisible spiritual wheel located in the
lower abdomen that can be activated by a master.

A

falun

234
Q

_____ is the most important early figure of Rastafarianism.

A

Marcus Garvey

235
Q

The term Baha’i means follower of _______. The Baha’i faith is among the most universalistic of religions.

A

Baha’u’llah

236
Q

The modern culture of _______ betterment will increasingly challenge religions to produce what material cultures value.

A

money-based

237
Q

Entirely new religions may frequently blend
elements from several religions. For example,
the ______ Church, which began in Korea, blends Christianity and Confucianism.

A

Unification

238
Q

One of the earliest examples of modern religious

dialogue was the first _____, held in Chicago in 1893.

A

World Parliament of Religions

239
Q

In Christianity, there is growing interest in medieval female mystics such as ________.

A

Hildegard of Bingen

240
Q

In 2003, the ______ Church in the United States consecrated as bishop a man who is in a gay relationship; this has caused conflict with other branches of the Church of England.

A

Episcopal

241
Q

The term _______ has come to refer to a way of looking at life in which human values and rules for living are taken from experience in this world, not from divine revelation.

A

secularism

242
Q

_____, even where it has been abandoned as an official ideology, succeeded in creating a fairly secular milieu.

A

Communism

243
Q

Scottish-born naturalist _____ helped ignite the establishment of the national park system and local nature preserves.

A

John Muir

244
Q

In Europe, a contemplative interest in nature can be traced back many centuries to the nature mysticism of some medieval monks and friars,
beginning with Saint ______.

A

Francis of Assisi

245
Q

The key belief of those who embrace ______ is the interrelatedness of all elements in the universe—a belief that is expressed in an attitude of respect and reverence for all people and creatures.

A

eclectic spirituality

246
Q

How would the meeting of various religious traditions in modernity lead to conflict?

A

Many religious traditions view themselves as the exclusive holders of the truth, which can lead to differences if there is variance between them.

247
Q

Why might people seek out alternative religious paths?

A

Reasons might include the shifting of identity away from those of family and/or community that are seen as restricting individual expression. In addition, the presence of these new traditions opens up the religions of origin for comparison, and many people find their original religious orientation failing to measure up. A desire for a new approach to what are seen as mounting problems in the world that have not been addressed by mainstream traditions may also drive some people to seek out alternative approaches.

248
Q

What is one sign that a movement is a religious cult?

A

Contact between its members and nonmembers is strictly regulated.

249
Q

The word pagan comes from pagus, a Latin word meaning what?

A

countryside

250
Q

What is one topic about which Abraham Maslow, a psychologist interested in spirituality, talked?

A

peak experiences

251
Q

What is applied science?

A

science used for practical purposes

252
Q

What term describes living and thinking without reference to a religion?

A

secularism

Religions of the World (2 decks)

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