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Aquatic Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is binomial nomenclature and who started it?

A
  • Genus + Species

- Termed by Carol Linnaeus

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  1. Today, prokaryotes are found everywhere
  2. Their biomass is 10x that of eukaryotes (Prokaryotes are dominant species)
  3. Most are 1-5 um in size, which are smaller than eukaryotes, which are 10-100 um
  4. Range from harmful (pathogen like bubonic plauge) to benign or beneficial (gut bacteria)
  5. Domains include archaea and bacteria
  6. Lack membrane bound organelles
  7. Most are unicellular although some are colonial or filamentous
  8. 3 common shapes include coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
  9. Have a cell wall that covers their surface (bacteria have cell wall made up of peptidoglycan; archaea lack this)
  10. Have a rotating propeller
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3
Q

What are the three common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Coccus, bacillus, and spirillum

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4
Q

Bacteria have great metabolic diversity, including; heterotrophs, saprobes, and autotrophs. What are each of these?

A

Heterotrophs:
Saprobes: decomposers
Autotrophs (photo or chemo)

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5
Q

What are faculative anaerobes?

A
  • Bacteria that will use oxygen for respiration but can live without it
  • Makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present
  • Ex: Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
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6
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A
  • Oxygen is lethal to these bacteria
  • Metabolizes energy via anaerobic respiration
  • Ex: Clostridium, Bacteroides
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7
Q

How are archaea different from bacteria?

A
  1. They lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
  2. More similar to eukaryotes
  3. Include halophiles (salt loving), methanogens, and thermophiles
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of protista?

A
  1. Artificial taxon
    2 Unicellular eukaryotes
  2. Are autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic
  3. Mobile and/or sessile (attatched)
    - Ex: amoeba which are called pseudopdia (false foot)
  4. Contains 27 phyla in which 2 contain significant numbers of free living phagotrophic (engulfing) species
    - Ex: paramecium
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9
Q

Does land use affect protist communities?

A

No, protist communities come from groundwater– only depends on springs

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10
Q

Ecology of Protists

A
  1. Flagellate taxa are dominant predators of picoplankton (include bacteria and small cyanobacteria)
    - Ex: Euglena, which are photosynthetic and mixotrophic
  2. Are components of microbial loop in lakes and rivers (picture in notes)
  3. Not much is known about where they fall in the food web– consumed by oligochates, chironomids, rotifers ??
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11
Q

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

A
  1. 27 freshwater species (has a more of a coastal distribution in the U.S.)
  2. Associated with hard substrates in lakes and streams
    - more common in New England
  3. Simple
    - cellular level organization (no true tissues)
    - canal system
    - filter feeders: have chanocytes made up of collar cells
  4. Asexual
  5. Can regenerate
  6. Few predators
    - have spicules, which are defenses against predators
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12
Q

Phylum Cnidaria (stinging type of jellyfish)

A
  1. Also coelenterates
  2. Only one freshwater class (Hydrozoa)
  3. Only 2 tissue layers
    - No mesoderm (because of this they are largely dependent on current)- diploblastic
  4. Radial symmetry
  5. Have stinging nematocysts
  6. Consume mostly zooplankton
  7. 4-5 genera in which Hydra is most common
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13
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

A
  1. About 200 freshwater species in class Turbellaria
  2. Simple bilateral symmetry
  3. Triploblastic
  4. No body cavity (acoelomate)
  5. Common in benthos of lakes and streams and often where there is a lot of sewage runoff
  6. Are able to detect light (photo- orienters)
  7. Sucks food up through mouth into pharyngeal chamber then feces goes out the same tube
  8. Hermaphroditic
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14
Q

Phylum Gastrotricha

A
  1. In freshwater, densities of 100K to 1 million animals per square meter
    - Fewer than 100 species reported, but diversity may be higher
    - Small (50-80 um)
  2. Pseudocoelomates
  3. Consume bacteria, algae, protozoa, and detritus
  4. Are a poorly studied group
  5. Know they function in microbial loop
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15
Q

Rotifera

A
  1. 2000 freshwater species (only 50 marine)
  2. Pseudocoelomates with ciliated corona, which are used for locomotion and feeding, and muscular pharynx (mastax), which contains hard jaws
  3. Dominate zooplankton communities in large rivers
  4. Mastax essentially replaced gut muscle to crush things down to get nutrients from things
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16
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  1. About 300-500 freshwater species
  2. Pseudocolemates with complete alimentary tract
  3. Many species important in benthos
  4. Feed on bacteria, algae, and protozoa
  5. Others are parasitic in plants and animals (roundworm, pinworm, and hookworms)
  6. Not segmented (unsegmented)
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17
Q

Phylum Nematomorpha

A
  1. Horsehair worms
  2. 7 Genera in North America
    - Only 1 genera exclusively marine
  3. Freeliving as adults; parasitic as larvae
  4. Pseudocoelomates
  5. Intestines of adults are nonfunctional
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18
Q

Gastropods (snails and slugs)

A
  1. 659 species in North America
  2. Found in littoral areas (shoreline around waters edge) of lentic and lotic habitats
  3. Collect bottom detritus ang graze alage
  4. Have radula, which is a scraping mouthpart
  5. Ecologically important grazers on periphyton (attached alage)
  6. Prey of benthic fishes and invertebrates Ex; Sunfish “shell cracker”
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19
Q

Bivalves (clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels)

A
  1. Over 250 species in North America
    - Great adaptive radiation in Unionacea
  2. Major deposit and suspension feeders; often largest invertebrates in body mass
  3. Low motility
  4. Larvae are parasitic on fish (glochidia) and tend to have a specific host
  5. Economically important (food, buttons, pearls)
  6. Many native species are endangered because of destruction of habitat, loss of fish hosts, and invasive species such as the Zebra Mussles
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20
Q

Phylum Annelida

A
  1. 3 freshwater groups: oligochaetes, branchiobdellidans, and leeches
  2. Legless, coelomates, serially arranges organs, segmented
  3. Lentic and Lotic
  4. Detritivores/ omnivores, which are the oligochaetes, and predators, which are the leeches
  5. The branchiobdellidans are ectocommensals on crayfish (one benefits and one is not harmed or benefited. Most commensalisms turn out to be mutualisims)
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21
Q

Oligochaetes

A
  1. Widely distributed
  2. One of the few invertebrates to colonize moist terrestrial environments
  3. Four bundles of setal (hair) on all but one segment
  4. Functions to ingest sediments in littoral and profundal zones. They aerate the soil
    - Ex: can tell the quality of soil by looking at how many earthworms are in
  5. Important prey for invertebrate and vertebrate predators Ex: they are irresistible to bluegills
  6. Hermaphroditic
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22
Q

Leeches

A
  1. 73 species in North America
  2. Anterior and posterior suckers; lacks setal
  3. Have anesthetic properties, so can’t feel when they bite
  4. Most are predators of invertebrates, but a minority are ectoparasites on vertebrates
  5. Lance’s tip not to shave legs before going out in field because you will get bit
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23
Q

Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)

A
  1. “moss animals”- essentially a freshwater coral and tend to grow around boat docks
  2. Sessile, colonial invertebrates
  3. Have ciliated tentacles for filter feeding
    - their mouth is located within feeding tentacles
  4. 24 species in North America
  5. Usually found in standing water
  6. Common occupants of hard, stationary, biologically inactive substrates
    - Require warm water (18-28 C)
  7. Poorly understood group
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24
Q

Phylum Tardigrada

A
  1. “water bears”
  2. small (250- 500um), segmented, 4 fleshy legs, terminating inclaws, piercing/ sucking mouth parts
  3. Obtain nutrients from plants animals, and detritus
  4. Can enter latent stage (cryptobiosis) when environmental conditions are inhospitable
  5. Low diversity; 3 genera with 5 species are freshwater
    - 13-14 additional species occasionally
25
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A
  1. Prominent in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
  2. Occupy nearly every aquatic niche, including groundwater
  3. Coelomates
  4. As adults, have chitinous exoskeleton and jointed apendages modified as legs, mouth as parts, and antennae (except water mites lack antennae)
  5. 3 major subphyla- Chelicerata (water mites, aquatic spiders), Unirama (insects), and Crustacea (crayfish, shrimp, copepods)
26
Q

Class Arachnida

A
  1. Single species of semi aquatic spider (Dolomedes) and diverse group of watermites (subclass Acan)
  2. Hydrachnida is most diverse group of water mites
    - 1500 Species
    - Major predators, ectoparasites
    - Prey for fish ad some invertebrates
27
Q

Aquatic Insects

A
  1. Most diverse and best studied group
  2. 10 orders and 6000 species of aquatic insects
  3. Most species spend majority of life as larvae
    - emerge briefly to mate
  4. Have mandibles and one pair of antennae; 3 pair of legs as adults (some larvae) and functional wings as adults (some larvae have wing pads)
  5. Sometimes, semi aquatic springtails (collembola) included with insects but they are actually a separate class (Entognatha)
28
Q

Crustaceans

A
  1. 4000 freshwater species
  2. Diverse habitats and feeding niches
  3. Typically omnivores
  4. Head with paired mandibular jaws, pair of maxillae, 2 pairs of antennae, appendages, often biramous
29
Q

Class Malacostraca

A
  1. Amphipods (scuds), isopods (sow bugs), and mysidacea (opposum shrimp)
  2. About 200 species
  3. Also includes subclass Branchiura (fishlice)
    - one genus: Argulus
  4. Most diverse order is Decapod (crayfish)
30
Q

Decapoda

A
  1. 342 species of crayfish, 17 species of shrimp
  2. Terminal claws on first 3 of 5 pairs of thoracic appendages, branchial chamber enclosed in carapace
  3. Largest motile invertebrates in North America freshwater
  4. Important in aquatic food webs
    - mostly omnivores
31
Q

Class Ostracoda

A
  1. Mussel and seed shrimps
  2. About 420 species
  3. Bivalved carapase composed of chitin and calcite
  4. Benthic in a variety of habitats
  5. Most herbivorous on attatched algae or detritivores
32
Q

Class Branchiopoda

A
  1. Includes cladocerans- about 400 species
    - Daphia is most common
    - Alsoincludes fairy shrimp (Arternia)
  2. All have similar mouthparts and leaf like thoracic legs (phyllopods)
  3. 8 orders, all are freshwater; mostly lentic
  4. Algivorous herbivores, detritivores, and occasionally predators
  5. Important prey for fish, water fowl, and invertebrate predators
33
Q

Class Copepoda

A
  1. Common in aquatic habitats, most freeliving
    - 2 of 7 orders contain fish parasites
    - About 300 species in North America
  2. Cylindrical segmented bodies, two swimming setose on posterior, single anterior eye
  3. Often represent over 50% of zooplankton biomass in rivers and lakes
  4. Omnivores
  5. Important food for fish and other invertebrates
34
Q

What does poikilothermic mean?

A

Body temperature that usually matches the environment

35
Q

What are the fish characteristics?

A
  1. Poikilothermic
  2. Aquatic chordate
  3. Appendages (sometimes) developed as fins
  4. Chief respiratory organ is gills (some exceptions)
  5. Body sometimes covered in scales
  6. Many exceptions; catfish and eels don’t have scales, tunas are homeothermic, lungfish and gar have alternate breathing mechanisms
36
Q

What are the two types of air bladders fish have and what do they do?

A

Air bladders give the fish buoyancy and allows them to move up and down in the water column. Releasing air causes fish to rise and ingesting air causes them to sink.

  1. Physostomous- primitive, connected to gut
  2. Physoclistous- evolutionary younger, free from gut
37
Q

What are some examples of fish who are missing fins?

A
  • Actinopterygii (ray fin fishes)
  • Sarcopterygii (lobe finned and lung fishes– have Gondwanaland distribution)
  • Coelocanth (found by grad student in a fish market)
38
Q

Diversity of Fishes

A
  • 24,600 living species in 482 families and 57 orders
  • Texas has 161 freshwater species in 27 families
  • 85 species of jawless; 85 of cartilaginous; 23,000+ are bony
  • 41% in freshwater, 58% in seawater, 1% in between
  • Highest diversity of fish in the tropics
  • Occur in almost all aquatic habitats
39
Q

Why are there so many freshwater species compared to marine species?

A
  • Because of habitat variability

- Allopatric speciation is most common in freshwater and leads to isolation and therefore more species

40
Q

Arctic Archipelago

A

8 species of salmonids Ex: Atlantic Salmon

41
Q

Yukon- Mackenzie

A

65 species including salmonids, cottids (sculpins), mud minnows, and sticklebacks

42
Q

Great Lakes

A

168 species- had historical connection to Mississippi River through flooding and glaciation
- has sister species because of a once glacial divide

43
Q

Cascadia

A

60 species- a lot of Western species; some glaciated

44
Q

Mississippi

A
  • 375 species- relict fauna that was never glaciated- center of fish evolution in North America
  • Tennessee is the most species diverse state in US due to mountains and plateaus Ex: salamanders
45
Q

Rio Grande

A

134 species- many endemic forms

EX: Rio Grande Silvery Minnow

46
Q

California

A

Simple assemblages with high endemism, including salmon stocks
Ex: Modoc Sucker

47
Q

Sonoran

A
  • 45 species

- Depauparate fauna with many poecoleids (Top minnows)

48
Q

Central Mexico

A
  • 30+ species, lots of atherinids

Ex: silversides

49
Q

Colorado River Basin

A
  • 32 species depauparate fauna
  • Includes squawfish, razorback sucker, etc
  • Isolated zoogeographically so inland center of endemism Ex: Cuiui fish
50
Q

What are the ways to measure diversity?

A
  1. Species richness
  2. Diversity
  3. Eveness
  4. Alpha diversity
  5. Beta diversity
  6. Gamma diversity
    Local- dependent on evolutionary processes and biogeography
    Regional- dependent on abiotic and biotic processes
    main source of diversity is evolution and that is dependent on time and reproductive isolation (allopatric speciation)
51
Q

What is species richness?

A
  • Number of species (or taxa for invertebrates)

- Doesn’t tell you anything about abundance

52
Q

What is diversity?

A
  • Combines richness and evenness
  • Shannon Weiner H’= sum pi ln pi
  • pi= proportion of species (# of individuals of species divided by total # of organisms in assemblage)
53
Q

What is evenness?

A
  • Equitability in species abundances
  • Can be calculated as E= H’/lnS
  • Can be 0-1 value
54
Q

Alpha Diversity

A
  • Within habitat diversity

- Equivalent to species richness

55
Q

Beta Diversity

A
  • Between habitat diversity
56
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

Regional diversity

Ex: How many species could you potentially catch in Sabine/ Neches river?

57
Q

Exotic Species

A
  • Can be considered a type of anthropogenic disturbance (Ex: Tyler Starlings)
  • Exotic species are probably the most permanent pollution and they are almost impossible to eradicate (Ex: Kudzu Vine. Ex: Zebra Mussels)
  • Great Lakes are good example; In 1998, there were 145 alien species documented including zebra mussel, round goby, and sea lampre
  • Kolar and Lodge (2001) defined the characteristics of exotic species
    1. Most invaders fail to establish Ex: putting your pet ferret in the wild
    2. Most successful invaders are integrated witout major effects Ex: Mediterranean Gecko that Dr. Ford introduced to UT Tyler
    3. All aquatic systems can potentially be invaded
    4. Major effects most often observed in low- diversity systems Ex: The pupfish in Leon springs Tx that hybridized with the Sheeps head minnow
    5. Top predator invaders are more likely to have strong community effects Ex: Nile Perch
    6. Successful invaders have physiological and morphological characteristics suited to environment Ex: the sheeps head minnow, which are the most physiological tolerant species on earth
    7. Invaders are more likely when native assemblage disturbed
    disturbance= habitat opportunities
    8. Success of invaders dependent on environmental variability Ex: Colorado River, which is very dammed, high gradient, is the only water in the rockies, most of the drinking water for Western states, and almost native species are endagered
  • Powell was the first man to canoe the Colorado River but never actually made it
    9. Very stable systems are more susceptible to invasion
    10. Greater number of times introduced, higher probability of invasion Ex: Colorado River, which is stocked with catfish and rainbow trout (non- native species)
    11. Species with history of being invasive are more likely to successfully establish populations Ex: Zebra Mussels
58
Q

Extinction

A
  • Cause of loss of native diversity
  • Natural Process
  • Current rate of extinction (10- 100x background rate)
    Ex: There have been 5 massive extinctions
  • Freshwater habitats are most impacted by humans
  • U.S. fish and wildlife service lists 73 fishes, 69 bivalves, 28 snails, 17 amphibians, ad 20 crustaceans
  • Many more are threatened with extinction
  • More susceptible to extinction tend to be endemic species, rare species, restricted distribution, or complex habitat requirements Ex: Leopard darter (only lives for 1 year and needs pea sized gravel)
  • Half of cray fish species and about 80% of mussles are threatened with extinction in North America
  • In Nevada, all endemic species are threatened
59
Q

Why conserve biodiversity?

A
  • Utilitarian value: good, services, and information
  • Alfred Russel Wallace (1863): “destruction of species is equivalent to setting fire to sections of a library and burning books no one has read”
  • Wallace grew up in lower class family and used to kill animal on obscure islands and sell them and their feathers to rich people to put in their “cabinets of curiosity”. From his time on the islands, he noticed natural selection than wrote to Darwin about it
  • Psyhco- Spiritual Value
  • E.O. Wilson (1984)- biophilia
  • Man as steward of nature; thought it was our responsibility to take care of nature
  • Ex: Central Park- valued green space
  • Intrinsic Value: value in and of itself
  • Animals are product of evolution and are “God’s Will”
  • Non anthropogenic

Aquatic Biology (2 decks)

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