Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Aquatic Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the stages of the water cycle?

A

Evaporation- when warmth from the sun causes water from the ocean, lakes, streams, ponds, etc to rise into the air and turn into water vapor
Condensation- this is when water vapor in the air cools down and turns back into liquid water
Precipitation- when water falls from the sky
Transpiration- evaporation of water from plant leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name all the properties of water (7)

A
  1. Water is essential for life (humans made up of 70% of water)
  2. Water molecules are polar
  3. Water is the universal solvent
  4. Hydrogen bonding makes water cohesive
  5. Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats
  6. Water tends to dissociate into H+ and OH- ions (acids and bases)
  7. Water has a high specific heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is discharge?

A

The amount of water flowing through a cross sectional area
Q= (A)(V) where A= area and V= current velocity
- Measure width of stream where stream pinches then the depth and flow at several points
- average depth x width= area
- Velocity measured at several points
- Usually expressed as cfs
- Needs to be 200 cfs to be able to do collections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is sinuosity?

A

How many bends are in a stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do lakes undergo stratification?

A

During the summer and winter due to the cold and hot temperatures. During rain and cooler temps, the water mixes together better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hydrograph?

A

A plot of discharge over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Flow that occurs loser to surface of solid object– smooth flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Flow that occurs above surface of solid object– chaotic collection of eddies and swirls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bed load?

A

Describes particles in a floating fluid that are transported along the bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is suspended load?

A

Composed of fine sediment particles suspended and transported through the river/ stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the wash load?

A

The portion of sediment carried by a fluid flow that always remain close to the free surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the dissolved load?

A

Materials, especially ions, derived from chemical weathering that is dissolved in the load. For example, limestone has calcium carbonate, which increases water hardness and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much of suspended material do rivers carry annually to the ocean?

A

15-20 tons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the suspended load vary?

A

Because of rainfall, steepness of slope, and intensity of land use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does benthic mean?

A

Live on bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are sources of water in streams?

A
  1. Springs

2. Rain water (most common source)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the hydrologic cycle?

A

Describes the transport and storage of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The rate at which water enters the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does infiltration rate depend on?

A
  1. Size and distance between soil particles
  2. Attraction of water molecules to soil particles
  3. Attraction of water molecules to each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does surface flow occur?

A

When equilibrium (when soil can’t absorb any more water) of water in soil is reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three classes of streams?

A
  1. Ephemeral
  2. Intermittent
  3. Perenial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an ephemeral stream?

A

A dry channel most of the year and only has water after rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an intermittent stream?

A

A dry channel part of the year with some groundwater flow that puts water in the channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a perenial stream?

A

A channel that carries water year round, which is fed by stable groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a watershed?

A

Includes all the land draining a stream to a certain point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are drainage patterns to watersheds determined by?

A

Soil and geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does dendritic drainage mean?

A

Uniform distribution

Ex= Sabine River

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does distributary drainage mean?

A

More of a delta or allevial fan; towards a coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which scientist came up with stream ordering called hierarchical classification?

A

Andrew Strahler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is stream ordering determined by?

A

How many tributaries flow into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some characteristics of streams?

A
  1. They are more turbulent than lakes
  2. Stratification is rare
  3. High oxygen concentration due to their flowing nature
  4. Ice is less common
  5. More habitat heterogeneity
  6. Food web more dependent on allochthonous production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is allochthonous production?

A

When energy comes from outside of the system. Means “from the outside”. For streams, leaves give most energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is autochonthonous production?

A

When energy is derived from inside the system and is dependent on sun. In lakes, phytoplankton makes a lot of energy because there is more sun (compared to streams and rivers) and are very abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which type of water system is more permanent on evolutionary and ecological time frames?

A

Streams and rivers (lotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does lotic mean?

A

Flowing water (rivers and streams)

36
Q

What does lentic mean?

A

Standing water (pond and lakes)

37
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of stream networks?

A
  1. Longitudinal
  2. Lateral
  3. Vertical
  4. Temporal
38
Q

What do stream organisms need?

A
  1. Place to live
  2. Food
  3. Suitable mates
  4. Place to mate

(Shelter, food, and sex)

39
Q

What is the substrate important for?

A
  1. Resting
  2. Food acquisition
  3. Reproduction and development
  4. Refuge from predators and inhospitable environmental conditions
40
Q

What does the substrate include?

A

Mineral substrates (cobble, boulder, sand) and organic detritus

41
Q

What is the order of substrates? (Smallest to largest)

A 
Silt
Sand
Gravel
Cobble
Boulder
Bedrock
42
Q

What equation can be used to determine velocity of flow in a channel?

A

Manning’s equation

U= 1/nR^2/3S^1/2

43
Q

What is stream meandering characterized by?

A

Erosion and deposition

44
Q

How does a meander form?

A

When moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt

45
Q

What does riparian habitat mean?

A

The habitat around the stream’s edge

46
Q

What is endimicity?

A

Meaning occurs only in one location and nowhere else

47
Q

What do reservoirs do to rivers?

A

Causes sediment to settle from rivers causing downstream rivers to become “starved” of sediments and therefore more erosive

48
Q

Why are dams harmful?

A

They exacerbate flooding

Ex: when the MS river flooded and almost “ate” St. Louis

49
Q

What do dams mostly affect?

A

Riparian habitats and aquatic organisms

50
Q

What are wetlands?

A

Soils that tend to hold more water

Non- tidal ecosystem whose soils are saturated with water on permanent or seasonal basis

51
Q

What is characteristic of wetlands?

A
  1. Emergent vegetation is prominent

2. Biomass of vegetation responsible for ability to filter pollutants from the environment

52
Q

What is one of the most important functions of wetlands?

A

Denitrification (done by bacteria)- converts the harmful nitrogen’s (ammonia and nitrate) from fertilizers to harmless nitrogen

53
Q

What is considered the most aquatic endangered habitat?

A

The wetlands even though they are considered to be the most important of all world ecosystems for its ecological services

54
Q

What are two other functions of wetlands?

A

Water purification and flood control

55
Q

What is one of the biggest wetlands left?

A

The everglades in Florida, which once covered 1/4 of Florida

56
Q

Why were the everglades in Florida drained?

A

For agriculture uses and development

57
Q

What was one of the affects of draining the wetlands in Louisiana?

A

Hurricane Katrina was much more devastating than it should have been because the wetlands would have absorbed much of the flooding and water from the hurricane.

58
Q

Who classified the wetland organisms into 4 groups?

A

Wiggins et al.

59
Q

What is the Group 1 classification of wetland animals?

A

Year round residents incapable of active dispersal; avoid desiccation by burrowing into sediments during dry phases; EX: Sea Monkeys and mollusks

60
Q

What is the Group 2 classification of wetland animals?

A

Spring residents; tolerant to drought and can actively disperse; oviposit in water but aestivate and overwinter in dry basins EX: insects

61
Q

What is the Group 3 classification of wetland animals?

A

Summer residents; oviposit in dry basin and over winter as eggs or larvae

62
Q

What is the Group 4 classification of wetland animals?

A

Non- winter migrants; capable of active dispersal, need to leave during dry phase and return in the spring to breed; Group 4 organisms inhabit temporary wetlands to reproduce in the food- rich and relatively predator- free environment
Ex: Tiger Salamander

63
Q

How are lentic habitats usually formed?

A

By a catastrophic phenomena; landslides, glaciers, tectonics, volcanoes, or actions of rives

64
Q

In which part of lentic habitats do primary producers and heterotrophs inhabit?

A

In the photic zone, which is the surface of the water or the shoreline where the sun easily penetrates the water

65
Q

What is the epilimnion?

A

The lighter water; the upper layer of water in a stratified lake

66
Q

What is the hypolimnion?

A

The heavier water; the lower layer of water in as stratified lake; has lower oxygen concentration, higher amount of nutrients, and different pH and chemical concentration

67
Q

What is the metalimnion?

A

Also known as the thermocline; middle layer of water in a stratified lake that has rapid temperature change

68
Q

What happens to lakes in the spring and fall that brings all the nutrients at the bottom of the lake (from decomposing organisms) up to the top of the lake?

A

Lake turnovers

69
Q

What are zooplankton?

A

Animals that live in the water colum and also on the bottom (benthos) and migrate on diel basis, which is an antipredator defense mechanism

70
Q

What are neustons?

A

They live at air- water interface and feed on thin bacteria film on surface of water

71
Q

What are phytoplankton?

A

Plants that live on the surface in the photic zone an have seasonal shifts in dominance

72
Q

How are lakes classified?

A

Based on trophic state; oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic

73
Q

What is oligotrophic?

A

Nutrient lacking; Clear because of low turbidity; Small phytoplankton population

74
Q

What is mesotrophic?

A

Has a moderate amount of dissolved nutrients

75
Q

What is eutrophic?

A

Nutrient rich; very turbid; prominent in agricultural areas

76
Q

What did Poff and Ward do?

A

They classified 78 streams into 9 stream types based on flow variability, flood regime pattern, and extent of intermittency

77
Q

What is the hyporheic zone?

A

Under the substrate habitat; species burrow below the substrate and live there
EX: when Dr. Williams went with his professor on a trip ad found a new species of salamanders in this zone

78
Q

Harsh intermittent

A

Long period of zero flow and overall low flow; found in arid Southwest

79
Q

Intermittent flashy

A

High frequency of floods; present in arid Southwest

80
Q

Intermittent runoff

A

Floods less frequently or predictably; present in Central U.S.

81
Q

Perenial flashy

A

High frequency of non-seasonal flooding. Present in arid areas with subsurface flow

82
Q

Perenial runoff

A

Floods less frequently and is less influenced by groundwater; heavily vegetated; mesic areas

83
Q

Winter rain

A

Occurs in Pacific Northwest

84
Q

Mesic groundwater

A

Most temporarily constant; generally eastern (TYLER)

85
Q

Snowmelt

A

Flood predictably; Western montane streams

86
Q

Snow and rain

A

Also western montane; greater flood frequency

Aquatic Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions