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PSYCH 101 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mind-Body Problem

A

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and the body

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2
Q

the problem of other minds

A

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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3
Q

minimal conciousness

A

low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

ex: driving a car and suddenly realize that you dont remember the past 15 minutes of driving.

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4
Q

full consciousness

A

occurs when you know and are able to report your mental state

ex: when you realize that your leg or arm hurts

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5
Q

self-consciousness

A

distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

ex: when you are embarrassed, looking in the mirror, evaluating oneself, when someone focuses a camera on you

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6
Q

mental control

A

the attempt to change conscious states of mind

ex: one might choose to not think about a certain issue because it causes too much anxiety or thought… leads to thought suppression

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7
Q

thought suppression

A

the conscious avoidance of a thought

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8
Q

rebound effect of thought suppression

A
  • the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
  • suggests that the act of trying to suppress a thought may itself cause that thought to return to consciousness in a robust way
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9
Q

ironic processes of mental control

A

proposes that such ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them

ex: in the attempt not to think of a white bear, a small part of the mind is ironically searching for the white bear

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10
Q

dynamic unconscious

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest desires and instincts, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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11
Q

repression

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconsciousness

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12
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person

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13
Q

subliminal perception

A

when thought or behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
-factors outside of our consciousness can influence our behaviors

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14
Q

four basic properties of consciousness

A
  • intentionally
  • unity
  • selectivity
  • transience
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15
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
-can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of the loss of control, changes in emotional expression…etc.

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16
Q

hypnagogic state

A

presleep consciousness- associated with hypnic jerk (feeling of falling)

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17
Q

REM sleep

A
  • the fifth stage of sleep
  • characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
  • EEG patterns become high-frequency
  • pulse quickens
  • blood measurements of muscle movements indicate that the sleeper is very still
  • if awaken during REM sleep, 80% report dreams
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18
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

  • could be related to depression, anxiety
  • results from lifestyle choices sometimes
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19
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

  • usually snores
  • mostly occurs in middle age men
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20
Q

somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

occurs when a person arises and walks around while sleeping

  • most common in children
  • happens most in slow-wave sleep
  • eyes usually open in glassy stare
  • fumble, clumsy
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21
Q

narcolepsy

A

disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
-last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes

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22
Q

sleep paralysis

A

experience of waking up unable to move

  • sometimes associated with narcolepsy
  • happens as you are awakening from REM sleep but before you have regained motor control
  • typically lasts only a few seconds or minutes and can be accompanied by hypnopompic (when awakening) or hypnagonic (when falling asleep) hallucinations
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23
Q

night terrors (or sleep terrors)

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

  • more in kids than adults
  • happen most often in non-REM sleep early in the sleep cycle
  • usually cannot remember the dream
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24
Q

activation - synthesis model

A

proposes that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

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25
Q

freudian theory and the activation-synthesis model differ how?

A

freud’s theory: dreams begin with meaning

activation: dreams begin randomly, but meaning can be added as the mind lends interpretations in the process of dreaming

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26
Q

freudian theory

A

dreams are confusing and obscure because the dynamic unconscious creates them to be that way
-problem is that there are so many interpretations `

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27
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical system

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28
Q

depressants

A

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

  • calming effect
  • tend to induce sleep in high doses
  • ex: alcohol
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29
Q

expectancy theory

A

suggests that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

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30
Q

myopia

A

theory that proposes that alcohol hampers attention, and leads people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

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31
Q

stimulants

A

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

  • increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
  • ex: caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy
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32
Q

amphetamines (also called speed)

A
  • originally prepared for medical uses and as diet drugs

- when widely abused, they can cause insomnia, aggression, and paranoia with long-term use

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33
Q

marijuana

A

plant whose leaves and buds contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
-drug produces an intoxication that is mildly hallucinogenic

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34
Q

anadamide

A
  • involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception
  • normally activates receptors in the brain (which is also what THC does)
  • some chemicals that mimic anadamide are found in dark chocolate for example
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35
Q

hypnosis

A

refers to a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (the subject’s) subjective experience of the world

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36
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

37
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people are susceptible to hypnosis

38
Q

3 key functions of memory

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

39
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

40
Q

encoding

A

the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

41
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

42
Q

retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has previously encoded and stored

43
Q

semantic encoding

A

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

44
Q

during semantic judgement, the _____________ lobe of the brain is active.

A

lower left frontal lobe

45
Q

During visual judgments, the _______________ lobe is active.

A

occipital

46
Q

During organizational judgments, the ________________ is active.

A

upper left frontal lobe

47
Q

visual imagery encoding

A

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

48
Q

organizational encoding

A

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

49
Q

survival encoding

A

draws on elements of semantic, visual imagery, and organizational encoding, which may give it an advantage over any one of the other three

50
Q

sensory memory

A

type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

51
Q

2 types of sensory memory

A

iconic memory and echoic memory

52
Q

iconic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of visual info

53
Q

echoic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of auditory info

54
Q

short-term memory

A

holds nonsensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

55
Q

rehearsal

A

process of keeping info in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

56
Q

chunking

A

involves combining small pieces of info into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

57
Q

working memory

A

refers to active maintenance of info in short-term storage

  • manipulates visual images or verbal info
    ex: contemplating your next move
58
Q

long-term memory

A

type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

59
Q

difference between short and long term memory

A

long term has no known capacity limits

60
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to transfer new info from the short-term store to the long-term store

61
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired on a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

62
Q

sights, sounds, smells, emotional content of a single memory are stored….

A

in the cortex

63
Q

consolidation

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

64
Q

REconsolidation

A

the process that causes memories to become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to become consolidated again

65
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection- making further communication easier

66
Q

state dependent retrieval

A

tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state (mood) during encoding and retrieval
ex: happy mood when learning, happy when retrieving= more likely retrieving information

67
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

states that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which info was initially encoded

68
Q

retrieval cues

A

hints that help bring stored info to mind

ex: mc exams

69
Q

explicit memory

A

occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

70
Q

implicit memory

A

occurs when past experiences influence behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember those experiences or an awareness of the recollection

implicit= implied by our actions even though not consciously recalled

71
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory that refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice
-“knowing how” to do things

72
Q

areas of the brain that are involved in procedural memory

A

brain regions outside the hippocampal area (including areas in the motor cortex)

73
Q

semantic memory

A

type of explicit memory that refers consciously knowing facts and generally knowledge of the world

74
Q

episodic memory

A

type of explicit memory that refers to consciously recalling personal experiences and EVENT (time and place)

75
Q

priming

A

type of implicit memory that refers to enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or an object, as a result of a recent exposure to a stimulus

76
Q

area of the brain plays an important role in episodic memory

A

hippocampus- part of the medial temporal lobe

77
Q

people who have amnesia are not able to retain…

A

explicit memory

78
Q

transience

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

-occurs during the storage phase of memory after an experience has been encoded and retrieved

79
Q

retroactive interference

A

situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired later
-ex: if you carry out the same activities at work each day, by the time Friday rolls around, it may be difficult to remember what you did on Monday because later activities blend in with earlier ones

80
Q

proactive interference

A

refers to situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
-ex: parking car in the same spot each day except for once, and that one time you forget where your car is!

81
Q

absentmindedness

A

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure (lack of attention)

82
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

83
Q

blocking

A

(tip-of-the-tongue) a failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

84
Q

misattribution

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

85
Q

suggestibility

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

86
Q

bias

A

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

87
Q

persistence

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

88
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

ex: remember when you heard about robin williams death?

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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