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Toxicology Michelle > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Some oils contain chlorinated naphtalenes and can cause bovine skin hyperkeratosis

A

TRRUUUUEEE

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2
Q

Which has more toxicity, petroleum products with high or low boiling points?

A

low boiling points (and low viscosity, surgace tension) have more pneumotoxic effects and impaired respiration

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3
Q

Short chain aliphatics have ____ toxicity

A

low

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4
Q

Long chain aliphatics cause

A

aspiration pneumonia

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5
Q

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons cause toxicity on

A

the CNS

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6
Q

aromatic hydrocarbons cause

A

bone marrow suppression

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7
Q

What species are most susceptible to crude petroleum substances?

A

cattle

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8
Q

Toxicokinetics of petroleum

A
  • absorbed from GI mucosa, skin and inhalation
  • absorption is inversely proportional to molecular weight
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons
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9
Q

MoA of Petroleum

A

aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis

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10
Q

Lab dx of petroleum toxicity

A

oil in feces will float
anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
rads- aspiration pneumonia

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11
Q

Can you give emetics, gastric lavage or glucocorticoids to tx petroleum toxicosis?

A

No

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12
Q

T/F Fluoride is a normal constituent of forages

A

True, especially legumes

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13
Q

Which part of the plant accumulates large amounts of fluoride?

A

Herbaceous parts (not seeds)

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14
Q

Fluoride has a strong affinity for ______

A

calcium

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15
Q

T/F Acute fluoride toxicosis is most common

A

False- chronic is more common

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16
Q

MoA of acute fluoride toxicosis

A

*caustic effect on GI mucosa
*Inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes
hypocalcemia
coag defect
increased capillary permeability

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17
Q

MoA of chronic toxicosis

A

alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth

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18
Q

Clinical signs associated with chronic fluoride toxicosis

A

lameness, bony protrusion on legs
spontaneous fractures
teeth look nasty
emaciation, rough hair coat

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19
Q

What is the best specimen for chemical analysis of fluoride toxicosis?

A

bone

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20
Q

What is the most dangerous sewage gas?

A

H2S

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21
Q

MoA of H2S

A

direct irritation of mm
inhibition of cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome oxidate
stimulation of chemoreceptors of the carotid body interfering w/ resp drive (hypernea -> breathe off all its CO2-> recover or die from asphyxiation)

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22
Q

Clinical signs of H2S toxicity

A

collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, anoxic convulsions, rapid death
lower conc signs of irritation to ocular, resp mucosa and lungs as in pneumonia

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23
Q

MOA of CO

A

CO combines w/ hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which can’t carry O2 -> death from hypoxia

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24
Q

Lesions w/ CO

A

blood- bright red
mm- pink
(won’t always see this though)

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25
Q

MoA for Nitrogen oxide gases

A

direct irritation of mm -> soluble so can pass through upper resp tract and cause damage to lungs -> lung damage -> death from hypoxia

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26
Q

CS/Lesions for nitrogen oxide gases

A 
Resp signs (similar to ammonia poisoning) 
pulmonary edema, cyanosis, methemoglobinmeia
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27
Q

Tx for nitrogen oxide gases

A

methylene blue IV (for methemoglobinemia)
supportive tx
ointments for mm

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28
Q

MoA of smoke inhalation

A

simple aphyxiants displace O2 in air
chemical asphyxiants prevent uptake of oxygen
irritants obviously irritate things

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29
Q

T/F Sulfur dioxide adheres highly to soot

A

T

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30
Q

3 things that increase toxicity in Paraquat poisoning

A

vit e/sel deficiency
decreased tissue glutathione
O2 therapy

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30
Q

Lesions w/ Paraquat/Diquat toxicity?

A

lingual ulcers

lungs look like liver- hepatization

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30
Q

Which is more susceptible to urea poisoning, equine or bovine?

A

ruminants/bovine

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31
Q

The usual concentration of urea is ___ % of the grain ration and ___% of the total ration

A

3 % grain

1% total ration

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32
Q

T/F Urea toxicosis has no characteristic lesions

A

true

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33
Q

What’s the best sample to send in for lab dx of urea poisoning?

A

vitreous fluid

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34
Q

2-4D are cattle or dogs more sensitive

A

dogs

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35
Q

What lab values will be increased with 2-4 D poisoning?

A

ALP, LDH, CPK

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36
Q

2 toxins that cause hyperkeratosis of skin

A

PCP (which also causes villous like hyperplasia of urinary bladder)
Petroleum

37
Q

Factors that increase toxicity of PCP

A 
high temp
oily/organic solvent vehicles
hyperthyroidism 
newborn 
previous exposure/poor condition
38
Q

Factors that decrease toxicity of PCP

A

cold temp
anti-thyriod drugs
body fat

39
Q

What toxin causes rapid rigor mortis?

A

PCP

40
Q

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is pathognomonic in pigs poisoned with

A

Na + toxicity/ water deprivation

41
Q

Hyperthermia + convulsive seizures =

A

PCP

42
Q

Tx for Inorganic Arsenic toxicosis?

A

BAL, Dimercaprol

43
Q

What cells are most sensitive to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

capillary endothelial cells

44
Q

T/F Milk from cows poisoned w/ inorganic arsenic contains toxic levels

A

true

45
Q

What are the best antemortem and post mortem samples for inorganic toxicosis

A

antemortem- urine

postmortem- liver/kidney

46
Q

Drugs that increase toxicosis of Monensin

A 
tiamulin
chloramphenicol 
erythromycin 
sulfonamides
cardiac glycosides 
(teccs)
47
Q

What is monensin rapidly metabolized by?

A

p450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver

48
Q

Main tissue targets in monensin poisoning

A

myocardium
skeletal mms
kidney
(highly energetic tissues)

49
Q

Which toxin lesion is white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium of horses?

A

Monensin

50
Q

What is the best specimen for lab dx of Monensin?

A

Feed

51
Q

Ddx for monensin

A

coffee senns

52
Q

Obligate selineforous plants

A

locoweed/milkvetch
princes plume
golden wood
woody aster

53
Q

facultative accumulator seleniferous plants

A

aster

paint brush

54
Q

passive accumulator seleniferous plants

A

crop plants (oats, barley, etc)

55
Q

Blind staggers is

A

selenium toxicosis in cattle

56
Q

What toxin causes gut contents to smell like rotten garlic

A

selenium

57
Q

Ddx for Selenium toxicosis

A

chronic looks like molybdenum tox

58
Q

Arsenelic acid is used in ______, Roxarsone is used in _________

A

swine

poultry

59
Q

A pig that is incoordinated, ataxic with partial paralysis but has a good appetite is likely poisoned w/?

A

organic arsenic

60
Q

T/F Blindness is seen with Roxasone but not Arsenelic acid

A

false

blindness w/ arsenelic acid

61
Q

Bedlington terriers often have

A

Cu deficiency

62
Q

What toxin is associated w/ these lesions?

  • liver enlarged
  • gun metal kidneys
  • blackberry jam spleen
A

Copper

63
Q

Ddx for Copper tox

A

Red Clover

64
Q

A horse has a speckled appearance around his eyes w/ a rough hair coat and diarrhea, what’s the likely tox?

A

Molybdenum

65
Q

You tx copper toxicosis w/ ________ and molybdenum toxicosis w/ ______

A

Copper tox: ammonium tetrathioMOLYbate, MOLYbenized copper MOLYdate, D- penicillamine

Moly tox: copper glucinate, copper sulfate

66
Q

T/F Ammonia gas forms hydroxyl ions on moist mm

A

true

67
Q

t/f birds are less sensitive to Hydrogen Sulfide

A

true

68
Q

Tx for Hydrogen Sulfide

A

sodium nitrite IV

69
Q

Lesions with Hydrogen Sulfide

A

dark blood, may not clot

dark greenish/purple tissues

70
Q

Sudden death + bright red gums =

A

Carbon Monoxide

71
Q

Tx for Nitrogen Oxide

A

methylene blue IV

72
Q

What is Silo Fillers Dz?

A

Nitrogen Oxide poisoning

73
Q

Which gas do you get from power plants?

A

Sulfur dioxide/trioxide

74
Q

Simple asphyxiants

A

CO2, Methane

displace O2 in air

75
Q

Chemical asphyxiants

A

CO

prevent uptake of O2

76
Q

T/F Giving opiods to a smoke inhalation patient is the tx of choice

A

False, it will have a cough suppressive effect and you want the animal to could up soot

77
Q

Does and acid or alkaline environment increase Zn release and absorption

A

acid

78
Q

Chemical analysis of Zn tox

A

trace element tubes

79
Q

Zn toxicosis causes ______ anemia

A

hemolytic

80
Q

Tx of choice for Iron tox

A

deferoxamine

81
Q

Stages of iron toxicosis

A

1) mostly GI signs
2) Apparent recovery
3) shit gets real, v/d, hemorrhage, met acidosis, coag disorders, hepatic failure, CV collapse
4) 2-6 wks -> GI obstruction due to fibrosis

82
Q

Is activated charcoal effective for Iron tox

A

nope

83
Q

tx of choice of iron tox? Side effects?

A

deFERoxamine CRI (chelator)
give slow, can cause arrhythmias
may cause pulmonary toxicity

84
Q

Most common source of lead tox?

A

lead based paint

85
Q

Increase in what enzyme will help dx lead tox?

A

metallothion

86
Q

Target tissues for lead tox?

A

GIT, Blood, CNS

87
Q

Antemortem specimen of choice in lead tox

A

whole blood

88
Q

What are the 4 chelation therapies for lead tox?

A

calcium disodium EDTA
Dimercaptosuccinic acid
Dimercaprol (BAL)
D-penicillamine

89
Q

Which lead chelation therapies can be given orally

A

DMSA

D penicillamine

90
Q

Which lead chelation therapy crossed the BBB

A

Dimercaprol (BAL)

91
Q

Which lead chelation therapy doesn’t bind essential minerals and is less nephrotoxic?

A

Dimercaptosuccinic acid

92
Q

Which iron is more irritant?

A

inorganic, ferric

Toxicology Michelle (5 decks)

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