Exam 2 Flashcards by Michelle King

T/F Some oils contain chlorinated naphtalenes and can cause bovine skin hyperkeratosis

TRRUUUUEEE

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Which has more toxicity, petroleum products with high or low boiling points?

low boiling points (and low viscosity, surgace tension) have more pneumotoxic effects and impaired respiration

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Short chain aliphatics have ____ toxicity

low

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Long chain aliphatics cause

aspiration pneumonia

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Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons cause toxicity on

the CNS

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aromatic hydrocarbons cause

bone marrow suppression

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What species are most susceptible to crude petroleum substances?

cattle

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Toxicokinetics of petroleum

absorbed from GI mucosa, skin and inhalation
absorption is inversely proportional to molecular weight
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons

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MoA of Petroleum

aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis

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Lab dx of petroleum toxicity

oil in feces will float
anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
rads- aspiration pneumonia

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Can you give emetics, gastric lavage or glucocorticoids to tx petroleum toxicosis?

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T/F Fluoride is a normal constituent of forages

True, especially legumes

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Which part of the plant accumulates large amounts of fluoride?

Herbaceous parts (not seeds)

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Fluoride has a strong affinity for ______

calcium

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T/F Acute fluoride toxicosis is most common

False- chronic is more common

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MoA of acute fluoride toxicosis

*caustic effect on GI mucosa
*Inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes
hypocalcemia
coag defect
increased capillary permeability

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MoA of chronic toxicosis

alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth

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Clinical signs associated with chronic fluoride toxicosis

lameness, bony protrusion on legs
spontaneous fractures
teeth look nasty
emaciation, rough hair coat

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What is the best specimen for chemical analysis of fluoride toxicosis?

bone

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What is the most dangerous sewage gas?

H2S

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MoA of H2S

direct irritation of mm
inhibition of cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome oxidate
stimulation of chemoreceptors of the carotid body interfering w/ resp drive (hypernea -> breathe off all its CO2-> recover or die from asphyxiation)

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Clinical signs of H2S toxicity

collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, anoxic convulsions, rapid death
lower conc signs of irritation to ocular, resp mucosa and lungs as in pneumonia

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MOA of CO

CO combines w/ hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which can’t carry O2 -> death from hypoxia

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Lesions w/ CO

blood- bright red
mm- pink
(won’t always see this though)

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MoA for Nitrogen oxide gases

direct irritation of mm -> soluble so can pass through upper resp tract and cause damage to lungs -> lung damage -> death from hypoxia

CS/Lesions for nitrogen oxide gases

``` Resp signs (similar to ammonia poisoning) pulmonary edema, cyanosis, methemoglobinmeia ```

Tx for nitrogen oxide gases

methylene blue IV (for methemoglobinemia) supportive tx ointments for mm

MoA of smoke inhalation

simple aphyxiants displace O2 in air chemical asphyxiants prevent uptake of oxygen irritants obviously irritate things

T/F Sulfur dioxide adheres highly to soot

3 things that increase toxicity in Paraquat poisoning

vit e/sel deficiency decreased tissue glutathione O2 therapy

Lesions w/ Paraquat/Diquat toxicity?

lingual ulcers | lungs look like liver- hepatization

Which is more susceptible to urea poisoning, equine or bovine?

ruminants/bovine

The usual concentration of urea is ___ % of the grain ration and ___% of the total ration

3 % grain | 1% total ration

T/F Urea toxicosis has no characteristic lesions

true

What's the best sample to send in for lab dx of urea poisoning?

vitreous fluid

2-4D are cattle or dogs more sensitive

dogs

What lab values will be increased with 2-4 D poisoning?

ALP, LDH, CPK

2 toxins that cause hyperkeratosis of skin

PCP (which also causes villous like hyperplasia of urinary bladder) Petroleum

Factors that increase toxicity of PCP

``` high temp oily/organic solvent vehicles hyperthyroidism newborn previous exposure/poor condition ```

Factors that decrease toxicity of PCP

cold temp anti-thyriod drugs body fat

What toxin causes rapid rigor mortis?

PCP

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is pathognomonic in pigs poisoned with

Na + toxicity/ water deprivation

Hyperthermia + convulsive seizures =

PCP

Tx for Inorganic Arsenic toxicosis?

BAL, Dimercaprol

What cells are most sensitive to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

capillary endothelial cells

T/F Milk from cows poisoned w/ inorganic arsenic contains toxic levels

true

What are the best antemortem and post mortem samples for inorganic toxicosis

antemortem- urine | postmortem- liver/kidney

Drugs that increase toxicosis of Monensin

``` tiamulin chloramphenicol erythromycin sulfonamides cardiac glycosides (teccs) ```

What is monensin rapidly metabolized by?

p450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver

Main tissue targets in monensin poisoning

myocardium skeletal mms kidney (highly energetic tissues)

Which toxin lesion is white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium of horses?

Monensin

What is the best specimen for lab dx of Monensin?

Feed

Ddx for monensin

coffee senns

Obligate selineforous plants

locoweed/milkvetch princes plume golden wood woody aster

facultative accumulator seleniferous plants

aster | paint brush

passive accumulator seleniferous plants

crop plants (oats, barley, etc)

Blind staggers is

selenium toxicosis in cattle

What toxin causes gut contents to smell like rotten garlic

selenium

Ddx for Selenium toxicosis

chronic looks like molybdenum tox

Arsenelic acid is used in ______, Roxarsone is used in _________

swine | poultry

A pig that is incoordinated, ataxic with partial paralysis but has a good appetite is likely poisoned w/?

organic arsenic

T/F Blindness is seen with Roxasone but not Arsenelic acid

false | blindness w/ arsenelic acid

Bedlington terriers often have

Cu deficiency

What toxin is associated w/ these lesions? - liver enlarged - gun metal kidneys - blackberry jam spleen

Copper

Ddx for Copper tox

Red Clover

A horse has a speckled appearance around his eyes w/ a rough hair coat and diarrhea, what's the likely tox?

Molybdenum

You tx copper toxicosis w/ ________ and molybdenum toxicosis w/ ______

Copper tox: ammonium tetrathioMOLYbate, MOLYbenized copper MOLYdate, D- penicillamine Moly tox: copper glucinate, copper sulfate

T/F Ammonia gas forms hydroxyl ions on moist mm

true

t/f birds are less sensitive to Hydrogen Sulfide

true

Tx for Hydrogen Sulfide

sodium nitrite IV

Lesions with Hydrogen Sulfide

dark blood, may not clot | dark greenish/purple tissues

Sudden death + bright red gums =

Carbon Monoxide

Tx for Nitrogen Oxide

methylene blue IV

What is Silo Fillers Dz?

Nitrogen Oxide poisoning

Which gas do you get from power plants?

Sulfur dioxide/trioxide

Simple asphyxiants

CO2, Methane | displace O2 in air

Chemical asphyxiants

CO | prevent uptake of O2

T/F Giving opiods to a smoke inhalation patient is the tx of choice

False, it will have a cough suppressive effect and you want the animal to could up soot

Does and acid or alkaline environment increase Zn release and absorption

acid

Chemical analysis of Zn tox

trace element tubes

Zn toxicosis causes ______ anemia

hemolytic

Tx of choice for Iron tox

deferoxamine

Stages of iron toxicosis

1) mostly GI signs 2) Apparent recovery 3) shit gets real, v/d, hemorrhage, met acidosis, coag disorders, hepatic failure, CV collapse 4) 2-6 wks -> GI obstruction due to fibrosis

Is activated charcoal effective for Iron tox

nope

tx of choice of iron tox? Side effects?

deFERoxamine CRI (chelator) give slow, can cause arrhythmias may cause pulmonary toxicity

Most common source of lead tox?

lead based paint

Increase in what enzyme will help dx lead tox?

metallothion

Target tissues for lead tox?

GIT, Blood, CNS

Antemortem specimen of choice in lead tox

whole blood

What are the 4 chelation therapies for lead tox?

calcium disodium EDTA Dimercaptosuccinic acid Dimercaprol (BAL) D-penicillamine

Which lead chelation therapies can be given orally

DMSA | D penicillamine

Which lead chelation therapy crossed the BBB

Dimercaprol (BAL)

Which lead chelation therapy doesn't bind essential minerals and is less nephrotoxic?

Dimercaptosuccinic acid

Which iron is more irritant?

inorganic, ferric