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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about a muscle that is not contracting?

A

ACheE is present in the synaptic cleft.

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2
Q

The sliding mechanism of myofilaments works when

A

The myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites of the thin filaments.

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3
Q

All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitutes a

A

Motor unit

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4
Q

What is true about a fast muscle fiber?

A

It has few mitochondria, not many.

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5
Q

If a muscle has a tendon that branches within the muscle tissue, it is a?

A

Multipennate muscle

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6
Q

Regarding a muscle insertion, what is true?

A

The insertion moves more than the origin.

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7
Q

There are three posterior thigh muscles which are antagonistic to the quadriceps femoris muscle.The muscles are known as the hamstring and are as follows: the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the

A

Biceps femoris

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8
Q

When a muscle exerts tension without shortening, the contraction is termed?

A

Isometric

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9
Q

If a muscle is exercised past the point where is has sufficient oxygen, it will

A

Switch to anaerobic production of energy

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10
Q

What is the order of muscle structures progressing from largest to smallest in diameter?

A

Muscle, Fascicle, Muscle Fiber, Myofibril

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11
Q

Muscles involved in the protrusion of the lower jaw include

A

The lateral pterygoids

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12
Q

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration

A

Macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons

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13
Q

The process of reverberation involves

A

Extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons

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14
Q

Which neural tissue cell type is likely to be malfunctioning if the BBB is no longer adequately protecting the brain?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Information from peripheral receptors to processing centers in the brain travels along

A

Ascending pathway

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16
Q

The inferior most attachment of the digastric muscle is associated with the

A

Hyoid bone

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17
Q

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another if

A

Its supply of NT is exhausted

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18
Q

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?

A

Along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

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19
Q

If a neuron loses its centrioles

A

It is rendered incapable of dividing

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20
Q

A gap junction acts to facilitate

A

The passage of ions between the cells

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21
Q

The effects of the NT on the postsynaptic membrane may be

A

Either excitatory or inhibitory

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22
Q

The pia mater is what?

A

It is the delicate innermost meningeal layer that forms the filum terminale

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23
Q

Components of the CNS include

A

Spinal cord and brain

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24
Q

The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each nerve and its branches is the

A

Epineurium

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25
Q

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called a

A

Dermatome

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26
Q

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon

A

The number of processes that project from the cell body

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27
Q

The dura mater is the

A

Toughest and thickest of the meninges

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28
Q

Growth of the spinal cord

A

Continues until an individual is around 4 years of age.

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29
Q

The ventral root of a spinal nerve transmits _____ information ______ the spinal cord.

A

Motor; away from

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30
Q

What four sinuses are associated with the dura mater?

A

Straight sinus, sigmoid sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, superior sagittal sinus

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31
Q

The internal capsule is a type of what?

A

Projection Fiber

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32
Q

A loss of myelination in the central nervous system which can lead to muscle paralysis could be associated with?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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33
Q

The third ventricle is located in what region?

A

Diencephalon

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34
Q

The most complete and correct description of the gray matter in the cerebrum is

A

That is consists mainly of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers and is found both in the superficial cortex and in deeper cerebral nuclei.

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35
Q

At the NMJ, curare prevents muscle contraction by?

A

Blocking Ach receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

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36
Q

This is true of the occipitofrontalis muscle

A

An aponeurosis connects them

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37
Q

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

There is a defective gene for the protein called dystrophin

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38
Q

What condition occurs when the vertebrae fail to develop a complete neural arch and part of the spinal cord is expose?

A

Spina Bifida

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39
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located?

A

Cerebral cortex or brainstem

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40
Q

What information is carried in the gracile fasciculus?

A

Sensory signals from below level T6 for visceral pain, touch, and proprioception from the lower limbs

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41
Q

What is one role of the astrocytes?

A

Help form the BBB

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42
Q

What is the neurilemma?

A

The body of a schwann cell

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43
Q

If there is a stroke in the motor portion of the left side of the brain, it affects muscles of the right side of the body. Why?

A

Because the fibers of the corticospinal tracts are contralateral

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44
Q

The Nissl bodies of a neuron consist of?

A

Rough ER

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45
Q

In a sarcomere, this is necessary in order for myosin to detach from actin.

A

ATP

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46
Q

This muscle is said to form the floor of the oral cavity.

A

Mylohyoid

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47
Q

What contributes to the BBB (4 things)

A

Meninges, Astrocytes, Endothelial, Tight Junctions

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48
Q

This Band.Structure shortens during the contraction of a sarcomere

A

H-Zone

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49
Q

CSF fluid returns to the bloodstream by way of

A

arachnoid villi

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50
Q

The region of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is

A

The A band

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51
Q

What role does a first-order neuron play in the passage of a sensory signal to the brain?

A

The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.

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52
Q

The right and left sides of the gray matter of the spinal cord are linked by what structure?

A

Gray commissure

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53
Q

That upper motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles are found in

A

The precentral gyrus of the cerebrum

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54
Q

The trigger zone of neuron includes the

A

Axon hillock

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55
Q

Posture is maintained by what fibers?

A

Slow oxidative

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56
Q

Because of ___, one motor neuron in the brain can ultimately cause thousands of muscle fibers to contract.

A

Diverging circuits

57
Q

What structure stores calcium ions that trigger contraction?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

A somatic motor neuron carries

A

Signals to skeletal muscle fibers

59
Q

When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have

A

A direct attachment

60
Q

What is the regulatory protein of the myofilaments?

A

Troponin

61
Q

The masseter muscle is _______ and acts as an ______.

A

Multipennate; elevator

62
Q

In order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?

A

Efferent

63
Q

Most lower motor neurons are located in

A

the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.

64
Q

The cauda equina

A

Is a bundle of nerve fibers that occupies the vertebral canal from L2-S5

65
Q

In a relaxed muscled fiber, active sites of actin are blocked by

A

Tropomyosin

66
Q

Prominent tendons on the dorsum of the hand belong to the ________ muscle.

A

Extensor Digitorum

67
Q

What are the gaps between myelinated segments of an axon?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

68
Q

The embyonic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain arise from what structure?

A

The neural tube

69
Q

The somas of the sensory neurons of spinal nerves are found?

A

in the dorsal root ganglion

70
Q

Because of an absence of _________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate

A

a neurilemma

71
Q

Nissil bodies are located where?

A

In the soma

72
Q

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining day to day, restful activities?

A

Parasympathetic system

73
Q

A bipolar neuron has

A

two axons arising from the soma

74
Q

The layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve from the OUTSIDE to the INSIDE in correct order is?

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

75
Q

When a skeletal muscle contracts involuntary is usually the result of a?

A

Spinal reflex arc

76
Q

The portion of a sarcomere that contains the think filaments only is the?

A

H-Band

77
Q

Which of the following are most closely involved with visceral sensory neurons?

A

Interoceptors

78
Q

Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as

A

White matter

79
Q

If a neuron loses its centrioles

A

It is rendered incapable of dividing

80
Q

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration

A

macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons

81
Q

The telencephalon becomes the

A

cerebrum

82
Q

we can distinguish between sensations that originate in different areas of the body because

A

Sensory neurons from each body region synapse in specific brain regions

83
Q

The sensory homunculus is a map that shoes the

A

number of sensory units in regions of the body

84
Q

Loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs is called

A

quadriplegia

85
Q

The membrane network that surrounds each myofibril in a sleeve-like arrangement is the

A

sarcroplastic reticulum

86
Q

The process of reverberation involes

A

extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neuron

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

87
Q

Name three glial cells

A

Microglial, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes

88
Q

Afferent means what?

A

Sensory

89
Q

Efferent means what?

A

Motor

90
Q

Neurons extending from the thalamus, through the internal capsule, and to the somatosensory cortex are?

A

third-order neurons

91
Q

The first order neuron is the

A

sensory neuron that brings information FROM the receptor TO the CNS

92
Q

If an axon in the CNS becomes less efficient at transmitting impulses, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes

93
Q

Muscle fibers have various arrangements. The most powerful arrangement is called?

A

Pennate

94
Q

Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as

A

White Matter

95
Q

After flowing through the dural sinuses, CSF and blood flow into the

A

Internal jugular vein

96
Q

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon

A

The number of processes that project from the cell body

97
Q

Muscular dystrophy is a condition resulting from dysfunction associated with

A

a dysfunctional muscle protein

98
Q

If muscle has a tendon that branches within the muscle tissue, it is a

A

multipennate muscle

99
Q

Regarding a muscle insertion, which of the following is true?

A

The insertion moves more than the origin

100
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

Tension remains unchanged, but the length changes.

101
Q

A neuron pool is

A

a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

102
Q

Which unique function of the brain occurs in the postcentral gyrus?

A

Receives primary sensory information of touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature

103
Q

Which bands shorten during contraction?

A

H band and I band

104
Q

The meshwork of elastic fibers that make the arachnoid mater look “webby” are

A

The arachnoid trabeculae

105
Q

Components of the metencephalon indclude?

A

Cerebellum and pons

106
Q

The choroid plexus

A

the site of CSF production

107
Q

Role of the arachnoid granulations?

A

absorb CSF into the venous circulation

108
Q

The primary role of the blood brain barrier is to

A

isolate the CNS from general circulation

109
Q

The outermost covering of an unmyelinated axon is called

A

Axolemma

110
Q

When a neural pathway splits to involve many areas of the nervous system, the type of processing is known as

A

diverging

111
Q

A neuron that ascends the spinal cord or brain stem and usually ends in the thalamus is an

A

Second-order neuron

112
Q

A first order neuron is

A

the sensory neuron that brings information from the receptor to the CNS

113
Q

What are the major somatosensory pathways?

A

The posterior column pathway, the spino cerebellar pathway, and the spinothalamic pathway.

114
Q

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?

A

Near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

115
Q

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of

A

Microglia

116
Q

Axons crossing over the spinal cord pass through the

A

gray commissure

117
Q

The epidural space contains

A

connective tissue and blood vessels

118
Q

The attachment of a muscle to a bone is called

A

A tendon or an aponeurosis

119
Q

Microglia cells are the

A

smallest neuroglial cell

120
Q

Which cells have the most mitochondria

A

Slow Oxidative

121
Q

What is the best description of the epidural space?

A

Contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.

122
Q

What is a raphae?

A

A slender band of collagen fibers.

123
Q

Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma?

A

Motor end plate.

124
Q

The arachnoid mater lies between two fluids; _______ fluid on its outer surface and _______ fluid on its inner surface.

A

Interstitial Fluid -> Outside

CSF -> Inside

125
Q

Your comprehension of these written words involves.

A

Wernickes Area

126
Q

The central portion of the diaphragm is an aponeurosis that serves as the tendon of insertion for the diaphragm. The tendon is called:

A

Central Tendon

127
Q

The condition associated with decreased production of dopamine?

A

Parkinsons

128
Q

The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are found in

A

the precentral gyrus of the cerebrum

129
Q

Compounds that diffuse passively across the BBB are…?

A

Are lipid soluble.

130
Q

The ventral root of a spinal nerve transmits _______ information _________ the spinal cord.

A

Motor

Away

131
Q

Muscles that flex the elbow are innervated by the?

A

Musculocutaneous and Radial Nerve

132
Q

The greater the number of muscle fibers in each motor unit

A

The less precise the control will be.

133
Q

The structures at the ends of the telodendria that form the snaptic terminals are the

A

Synaptic Knobs

134
Q

Regeneration of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system is assisted by

A

Schwann Cells

135
Q

What are the five patterns of interactions between neurons?

A
  1. Divergence
  2. Convergence.
  3. Serial Processing
  4. Parallel Processing
  5. Reverberation
136
Q

The somatic motor association area, also called the premotor cortex is responsible for

A

Patterened, learned activity

137
Q

The reticular formation

A

is stimulated to produce heightened altertness and a generalized excitement

138
Q

Which areas lack the BBB?

A

Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus

Anatomy (5 decks)

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