Exam 2 Flashcards
What are obligate aerobes?
Need air, can’t live without it.
What are obligate anaerobes?
Can’t live in air, don’t need it. Don’t have antioxidants.
What are facultative anaerobes?
Can live with or without air. But they prefer air. Most common.
What are aerotolerant anaerobes?
Ignore air and live without it.
How can oxygen be toxic?
On its way over to the ETC, oxygen reacts with everything and creates toxins.
What are Reactive Oxygen Species (AKA Toxic Oxygen Byproducts)?
The toxins made by Oxygen as it goes over to the ETC.
What are some examples of Reactive Oxygen Species (Toxic Oxygen Byproducts)?
Singlet oxygen
Superoxide radical
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical (OH)
What are some enzymes that detoxify oxygen?
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase
Vitamins C & E
What is a heterotroph?
Something that takes in glucose from the environment.
What is an autotroph?
Something that makes its own glucose from CO2.
What is carbon fixation?
Making your own glucose from CO2.
What are chemolithoautotrophic processes?
Using chemicals from rocks to make glucose.
What are vitamins?
Vital things humans need that we cannot make.
What are the three steps of binary fission?
- ) The chromosome divides.
- ) Septum grows between the two cells.
- ) The two cells separate.
On average, how long does binary fission take?
Approx. 20 minutes.
What is the formula for multiplication through binary fission?
(Ni)2^n=Nf
What are limiting nutrients?
Nutrients that are not unlimited (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) which determine how much something can grow or bloom.
What does “organic” refer to?
Organic means any compound where Carbon is present. Inorganic means no carbon is present.
What is the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?
Classical Glycolysis.
What enters glycolysis?
1 glucose.
What does glycolysis produce?
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
What enters the Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s)?
2 Pyruvate
What does the Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s) produce?
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2
What are the differences between the Kreb’s cycle in Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration?
In anaerobic respiration, the amount of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP all vary depending upon the organism.
What is the maximum amount of ATP made in anaerobic respiration?
Approximately 32 ATP
What is the minimum amount of ATP made in anaerobic respiration?
Approximately 6 ATP
What are the terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?
Inorganic Molecules. Any of them!
What is special about the lactic acid fermentation?
Some enzymes dump electrons from NADH onto pyruvate, which creates 2 Lactic Acids.
Who is the electron donor and acceptor for lactic acid fermentation?
Carbon and ultimately carbon (in a more broken down form)
What is special about ethanol fermentation?
CO2 is emitted with pyruvate, and 2 acetaldehydes. Then 2 ethanol are created.
Who is the electron donor and acceptor for ethanol fermentation?
Carbon and carbon.
