Exam 2

Question 1

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 1

Need air, can’t live without it.

Question 2

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 2

Can’t live in air, don’t need it. Don’t have antioxidants.

Question 3

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 3

Can live with or without air. But they prefer air. Most common.

Question 4

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

Answer 4

Ignore air and live without it.

Question 5

How can oxygen be toxic?

Answer 5

On its way over to the ETC, oxygen reacts with everything and creates toxins.

Question 6

What are Reactive Oxygen Species (AKA Toxic Oxygen Byproducts)?

Answer 6

The toxins made by Oxygen as it goes over to the ETC.

Question 7

What are some examples of Reactive Oxygen Species (Toxic Oxygen Byproducts)?

Answer 7

Singlet oxygen
Superoxide radical
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical (OH)

Question 8

What are some enzymes that detoxify oxygen?

Answer 8

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase
Vitamins C & E

Question 9

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 9

Something that takes in glucose from the environment.

Question 10

What is an autotroph?

Answer 10

Something that makes its own glucose from CO2.

Question 11

What is carbon fixation?

Answer 11

Making your own glucose from CO2.

Question 12

What are chemolithoautotrophic processes?

Answer 12

Using chemicals from rocks to make glucose.

Question 13

What are vitamins?

Answer 13

Vital things humans need that we cannot make.

Question 14

What are the three steps of binary fission?

Answer 14

1. ) The chromosome divides.
2. ) Septum grows between the two cells.
3. ) The two cells separate.

Question 15

On average, how long does binary fission take?

Answer 15

Approx. 20 minutes.

Question 16

What is the formula for multiplication through binary fission?

Answer 16

(Ni)2^n=Nf

Question 17

What are limiting nutrients?

Answer 17

Nutrients that are not unlimited (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) which determine how much something can grow or bloom.

Question 18

What does “organic” refer to?

Answer 18

Organic means any compound where Carbon is present. Inorganic means no carbon is present.

Question 19

What is the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

Answer 19

Classical Glycolysis.

Question 20

What enters glycolysis?

Answer 20

1 glucose.

Question 21

What does glycolysis produce?

Answer 21

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 22

What enters the Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s)?

Answer 22

2 Pyruvate

Question 23

What does the Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s) produce?

Answer 23

8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2

Question 24

What are the differences between the Kreb’s cycle in Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration?

Answer 24

In anaerobic respiration, the amount of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP all vary depending upon the organism.

Question 25

What is the maximum amount of ATP made in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 25

Approximately 32 ATP

Question 26

What is the minimum amount of ATP made in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Approximately 6 ATP

Question 27

What are the terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

Inorganic Molecules. Any of them!

Question 28

What is special about the lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 28

Some enzymes dump electrons from NADH onto pyruvate, which creates 2 Lactic Acids.

Question 29

Who is the electron donor and acceptor for lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 29

Carbon and ultimately carbon (in a more broken down form)

Question 30

What is special about ethanol fermentation?

Answer 30

CO2 is emitted with pyruvate, and 2 acetaldehydes. Then 2 ethanol are created.

Question 31

Who is the electron donor and acceptor for ethanol fermentation?

Answer 31

Carbon and carbon.