Chapters 20 & 14, Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four types of antimicrobials?
A
- Antibacterial Drugs
- Antiviral Drugs
- Antifungal Drugs
- Antiprotozoan Drugs/Antihelminthic Drugs
2
Q
What are the three categories (for microbiologists) of antibacterial drugs?
A
- Antibiotics
- Semi-synthetics
- Synthetics
3
Q
What was discovered in 1670?
A
Existence of Microbes
4
Q
What happened around 1840-1850?
A
Pasteur & his Germ Theory
5
Q
What happened in 1880?
A
Germ Theory was proven
6
Q
What happened in 1935?
A
First antibacterial- sulfa drugs
7
Q
What did Paul Ehrlich and his Magic Bullet do?
A
- development of “selective toxicity” idea
- found dyes which treated african sleeping sickness
8
Q
What did Sahachiro Hato do?
A
Sahachiro Hato identified arsenic compounds that treated syphilis
9
Q
What are sulfa drugs?
A
Drugs which attack the enzymes that make folic acid.
10
Q
Why are sulfa drugs significant?
A
They only attack enzymes that make folic acid, and since humans don’t make folic acid, they have selective toxicity and don’t harm us.
11
Q
What was the first true antibiotic?
A
Penicillin.
12
Q
What was the first synthetic antibiotic?
A
Sulfa drug.
13
Q
How was penicillin discovered?
A
Alexander Fleming, in 1928, observed a contaminated plate. Didn’t think it could develop more.
14
Q
What did Selman Waksman do?
A
Discovered every major class of antibiotics. Grew bacteria and fungi from all over the world to see which produced antibiotics. Coined the term antibiotics.
15
Q
Why would microbes be secreting toxic compounds?
A
To protect them. They want to kill off their neighbors, since it’s a big war for nutrients and space.
16
Q
What is the drug pipeline?
A
Bringing a drug to the market.
17
Q
What do you need in the drug pipeline?
A
- 1 billion dollars
- Prove it’s safe and effective
- Clinical trials (1. Safety in humans, 2. effectiveness, 3. Relative effectiveness)
18
Q
How long does the drug pipeline take?
A
Ten years.
19
Q
What are the cell wall inhibitors?
A
- Penicillins
- Polypeptides
- Cephalosporins
- Antimycobacterials
20
Q
What does natural penicillin work against?
A
Gram +
21
Q
Is natural penicillin narrow or broad spectrum?
A
Narrow
22
Q
Is semi-synthetic penicillin narrow or broad spectrum?
A
Broad
23
Q
What does clavulanic Acid (Augmentin) do?
A
Will stop penicillinase, which is found in some microbes.
24
Q
What is clavulanic acid (augmentin) composed of?
A
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
25
What are the protein synthesis inhibitors?
- Aminoglycosides
- Pleuromutilins
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Streptogimes
26
What are the nucleic acid inhibitors?
Sulfa drugs
27
What are probiotics?
Bacteria taken to replenish normal flora lost during antibiotic treatment.
28
What are prebiotics?
Nutrients taken to feed normal flora. Generally fibers that humans can't digest.
29
What are antifungals?
Antimicrobials for fungus.
- Fewer in number
- Natural and synthetics
- Broad spectrum
30
What are antivirals, and what types are there?
Antimicrobials for viruses.
- Fusion Inhibitors
- Nucleic acid inhibitors
- assembly inhibitors
- exit inhibitors
31
What is the problem with antivirals?
They're extremely narrow spectrum, and only synthetic
32
What are some types of antibiotic resistance?
Decreased permeability
Activation of drug pumps
Change in drug binding site
Use of alternate metabolic pathway
33
What happens with decreased permeability resistance?
The receptor that transports the drug is altered, so the drug can't get into the cell.
34
What happens in activation of drug pumps resistance?
Specialized membrane proteins are activated and continually pump the drug out of the cell. Call drug eflex pump.
35
What happens in alternate metabolic pathway resistance?
The drug has blocked the usual metabolic pathway, so the microbe circumvents it by using an alternate, unblocked pathway that achieves the required outcome.
36
What happens in change in drug binding site resistance?
The binding site on target (ribosome) is altered so the drug has no effect.
37
How are mutations spread? (There are four ways)
1. Conjugation
2. Transduction
3. Transformation
4. Binary Fission
38
What happens in transduction?
The virus take the genetic info from bacteria
39
What happens in transformation?
Microbe takes genetic info from dead organisms that are around
40
What happens in binary fission?
Sexual reproduction
41
What happens in conjugation?
Genetic information sharing through sex pili.
42
How can we stop resistance?
- Limit use
- Rotate Drugs
- Appropriate dosing
- Drug combinations
- New variations
43
Where did our normal flora come from?
```
Birth
Breathing
Touch
Liquids
Solid Food
```
44
Where are our normal flora?
Skin, Upper Respiratory Tract, GI Tract, urethral opening, external genitals, vagina, external ear, eye canal.
45
What are the three types of bacteria in humans?
Normal Flora
Pathogen
Opportunistic Pathogen
46
What is an infection, by definition?
Microbes reproducing in the body tissues.
47
What is a disease, by definition?
Disruption of normal body processes.
48
What is an infectious disease?
Disruption of normal body processes caused by a microbe.
49
What is a primary infection?
The infection caused by the original pathogen.
50
What is the secondary infection?
The infection caused by the second pathogen, which gained entry because of the first pathogen.
51
What are the three portals of entry?
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Placenta (for a fetus)
52
What is the infectious dose?
The number (or range) of cells needed to get a disease.
53
What are symptoms?
Subjective. What the patient says.
54
What are the signs?
Objective. What we can see.
55
What are the three types of reservoirs?
Human
Animal
Nonliving reservoirs
56
What are zoonoses?
Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans.
57
What is a communicable disease? Example?
Transmissible to others, but not super easily. Ex. HIV.
58
What is a contagious disease? Example?
Easily transmissible to others. Ex. A cold.
59
What is a non-communicable disease? Example?
Not transmissible from one person to another. Ex. Food poisoning.
60
What are the three types of contact transmission?
Direct
Indirect
Droplet
61
What's the difference between droplet and airborne transmission?
Droplet is within less than three feet, airborne is more than three feet away.
62
What is vehicle transmission?
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir.
63
What are three examples of vehicle transmission?
Waterborne
Foodborne
Airborne
64
What is vector transmission?
Animals/arthropods that transmit organisms
65
What is the morbidity rate?
An incidence rate. The number of new cases in a specific time period per unit of population
66
What is a mortality rate?
The number of deaths from a disease.
67
What is a sporadic?
Never expected. Random case.
68
What is an endemic?
Standard rate, which you can guess and predict. Random cases all over.
69
What is an epidemic?
Any time there's more than the predicted rate. Bunch of cases in one place.
70
What is a pandemic?
An epidemic on several continents. Bunch of cases all over.
71
What makes a pathogen dangerous?
Its virulence factors.
72
What are some biological characteristics of S. aureus?
- Gram +
- Facultative Anaerobe
- Grape-like clusters
- Halotolerant (10% NaCl)
- Transformation
- Approx. 80,000 deaths/year
73
What are some virulence factors of S. aureus?
- It may have a capsule
- It may have a slime layer
- It has protein A
- Enzymes
- Toxins
74
What is Protein A?
Found on the surface of the cell wall. Binds to antibodies, facing the wrong direction. FC portion of the antibody is bound to protein A.
75
What enzymes does S. aureus have?
- Coagulase
- Staphylokinase
- Hyaluronidase
- Lipase
- Nucleases
76
What does coagulase do?
Has the ability to clot blood, can block himself in so WBCs can't get in.
77
What does staphylokinase do?
Dissolves the blood clots he made when he's ready to leave his wall.
78
What does lipase do?
Break down fats. Can get in all of our cells.
79
What does nuclease do?
Chop up our DNA.
80
What are cytolytic Enzymes?
Specifically disable red blood cells.
81
What does Panton-Valene Leukocidin do?
Kills leukocytes
82
What is exfoliative toxin?
Makes layers shed, like an exfoliator.
83
What does hyaluronidase do?
Breaks down hyaluronic acid, which is cell cement, in order for S. aureus to be able to get in.
84
What are enterotoxins?
Target our enteric system, causing severe diarrhea and vomiting.
85
How much of the population are S. aureus carriers?
33%
86
How is S. aureus transmitted?
Contact transmission-both direct and indirect
- touching and droplets
- fomites
87
What is the treatment of S. aureus?
- Penicillins, although 90% of S. aureus strands produce penicllinase
- Methicillin/oxacillin
- vancomycin
88
How much of the community has MRSA in the community vs. in a hospital setting?
- 2% in the community
| - 50% in the hospital
89
What secondary diseases can S. aureus cause?
- Food poisoning
- Skin infections/diseases
- Pneumonia, etc.
90
How does S. aureus food poisoning work?
- You eat food with S. aureus in it.
- It was improperly cooked or stored
- You ingest their TOXINS, not it itself after you eat it
91
What are the symptoms of S. aureus food poisoning?
- Happens within 4 hours of ingestion
- Projectile vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Sweating
- Stomach pain
- Last approx. 24 hours
92
What's the treatment for S. aurerus food poisoning?
There is none.
93
What are some S. aureus skin diseases?
- Scalded skin syndrome
- Impetigo
- Folliculitis
- Boils
- Carbuncles
94
What happens with Scalded Skin Syndrome?
- Exfoliative toxins, and hyyaluronidase are made
- Blisters, skin peeling, fever
- Dehydration
- Secondary bacterial infections
95
Who does scalded skin syndrome effect?
Children younger than five.
96
What is the treatment for scalded skin syndrome?
Antibiotics and liquids/electrolytes
97
What happens with Impetigo?
- 80% of the time, it's caused by S. aureus
- Blisters on patches on skin
- Puss and scabs with white BCs and bacteria
- Common in children
- Cured with antibiotics
98
What happens with folliculitis?
The hair follicle's entrance is blocked, so bacteria is trapped inside the hair follicle.
99
What is a boil?
Folliculitis, but gone far. Very common and painful. Treat with antibiotics.
100
What are carbuncles?
Coalescing of several boils. Way too many cytokines are being released.
101
What is special about S. aureus skin diseases?
They're pyogenic, meaning that they cause puss.
102
What is sepsis?
Systemic response to a microbial infection.
103
What happens during sepsis?
Fever, increased pulse rate, increased respiratory rate, alkalination, increase in WBC count, low BP,
104
Why is sepsis so serious?
Organs start shutting down.
105
What is septic shock?
Sepsis associated with severe refractory hypotension, multiple organ failure.
106
How does influenza get in?
Receptors found only in the upper respiratory tract. Endocytosis, replicates in our nucleus, released from cell by budding.
107
What makes you ache everywhere when you have influenza?
Tons of cytokines released all over your body.
108
What are your symptoms caused by when you have influenza?
Our immune system from t-cytotoxic cell destruction.
109
What is the morbidity rate of influenza?
5-20%
110
What is the mortality rate of influenza?
3000-48000 cases
111
What actually causes death with influenza?
A secondary infection like pneumonia.
112
What treatment is there for influenza?
Antivirals. NO ASPIRIN
113
What type of antivirals are there?
- Neuraminidase inhibitors
| - M2 Blockers
114
What do neuraminidase inhibitors do?
Block a virus's spikes.
115
What is antigenic drift?
Influenza's accumulation of mutations. This is normal evolution that's bound to happen.
116
What is antigenic shift?
Genetic recombination involving reassortment of genomes. Ex. Mixing human and bird virus through conjugation in a pig to make a new virus.
117
What is significant about the 1918 Influenza?
40 million people died. It occured in people ages 20-40, when usually it's the very old and the very young. Effected healthy people because the particular influenza strain caused the body to produce too many cytokines, called a cytokine storm.
118
What kind of vaccines for influenza are there?
Inactivated
Recombinant
Attenuated
119
What kinds of inactivated vaccines are there?
- Tri-valent=3 strains
| - Quadri-valent=4 strains
120
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Dead pieces of the virus.
121
What is a recombinant virus?
Genes of the virus put into another organism
122
What is an attenuated virus?
Live virus-found in mists and sprays
123
What is the biggest way to prevent yourself from getting influenza?
Get an annual vaccination
124
How long does influenza last on hard surfaces (hard fomites)?
Two days
125
How long does influenza last on soft surfaces (soft fomites)?
12 hours
126
How long does influenza last on hands?
5 minutes
127
What are some biological characteristics of C. diff?
- Gram +
- Endospore former
- Anaerobic
- Opportunistic pathogen
128
What are your risk factors for getting C. diff?
Antibiotic treatment
Immunocompromised
Extended hospital stay
Nursing Home stay
129
What do Toxins TcdA and TcdB do?
They target tight junctions and chemotaxis neutrophils, respectively.
130
What is pseudomembranous colitis?
Inside of colon has been being eaten away.
131
What are the symptoms of pseudosmembranous colitis?
Diarrhea
Cramping
Bloody/Pussy stool
Perforated bowel
132
What are the treatments of C. diff?
```
Discontinue previous antibiotics
Vancomycin/Metronidazole
Probiotics
Surgery
Fecal transplant
Bleach-based cleaner
```
133
What was the former name of HIV?
Slim's Disease
134
What are some of the biological characteristics of the HIV virus?
- +RNA virus
- Retrovirus
- Enveloped
- Infects macrophages and T helper cells
135
How does HIV enter human cells?
Membrane fusion
136
What viral enzymes needed for replication?
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease
137
When does HIV turn into AIDS?
When he's killed enough of your T helper cells.
138
What is the requirement of T helper cell count to have AIDS?
Less than 200 T helper cells per microliter of blood
139
How do T helper cells die?
They get sticky and membranes fuse together. Called syncytia. Immune system them attacks syncytia.
