exam 2 Flashcards
____ is characterized by the development of severe anxiety, dissociative, and other symptoms that occurs within one month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor
Acute Stress Disorder
____ is a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred.
Adjustment Disorder
_____ is “the wear and tear on the body” which grows over time when the individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress. It represents the physiological consequences of chronic exposure to fluctuating or heightened neural or neuroendocrine response that results from repeated or chronic stress.
Allostatic Load
_____ is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.
Antigens
____ is a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies.
B-Cell
_____ is an interdisciplinary field that uses the concepts and techniques of the behavioral sciences to improve physical and emotional health.
Behavioral Medicine
____ refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events.
coping strategies
____ is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (or covariation) between the 2 variables (a similarity between them, not a difference between their means).
Correlational Research
____ is to look at closely in order to observe or read.
Study
one thing that all stress has in common is that it increases the level of a very powerful hormone called ____
Cortisol
____ is a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger
Crisis
____ is emergency psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation to restore equilibrium to their biopsychosocial functioning and to minimize the potential for psychological trauma.
Crisis Intervention
____ is any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.
Cytokines
A ____ is a process of (1) receiving an explanation, (2) receiving information and situation-based reminders of context, (3) reporting of measures of performance, and/or (4) opportunities to further investigate the results of a study, investigation, or assessment of performance after participation in an immersive activity is complete.
debriefing session
____ is extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain.
Distress
____ is the form of hypertension that by definition has no identifiable cause.
Essential Hypertension
____ is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. It is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness.
Health Psychology
____ abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypertension
____ describes a complex set of interactions between two parts of the brain – the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland – and the adrenal or suprarenal glands at the top of each kidney
HPA System
____ is the body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders.
Immune System
____ the partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. It is induced to help the survival of an organ after a transplant operation.
Immunosuppression
____ is a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell.
Leukocytes
____ are responsible for immune responses.
Lymphocytes
____ is the scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning. It has also been defined as the study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals, communities and organisations to thrive.
Positive Psychology
____ is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
PTSD
____ is a form of behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy designed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, characterized by re-experiencing the traumatic event through remembering it and engaging with, rather than avoiding, reminders of the trauma (triggers).
Prolonged Exposure
____ is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.
Resilience
____ a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances
Stress
____ is a psychotherapy method intended to help patients prepare themselves in advance to handle stressful events successfully and with a minimum of upset.
Stress-inoculation training
____ is the ability to be relaxed and composed when faced with difficulties.
Stress tolerance
____ is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism.
Stressors
____ the General Services Administration (GSA) combined the Central Contractor Registration (CCR/FedReg), Online Representations & Certifications Application (ORCA) and the Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) into one main contractor database. Since its inception, it has been a step in the right direct for collaborated federal systems that have a heavy interaction with both federal officials and United States business owners.
SAM system
____ is a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response
T-cell
____ is a behavior pattern characterized by tenseness, impatience, and aggressiveness, often resulting in stress-related symptoms such as insomnia and indigestion and possibly increasing the risk of heart disease. Also called type A personality .
Type A Behavior Pattern
____ is a psychosocial term describing the “distressed” type of person who tends to have negative feelings and avoids social contact. It is characterized by two personality traits: negative affectivity and social inhibition.
Type D Personality
____ is an extreme or irrational fear of crowded spaces or enclosed public places.
Agoraphobia
____ a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions.
Amygdala
____ is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
anxiety
____ are a category of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear, where anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a racing heart and shakiness.
anxiety disorders
____ refers to the fear of behaviors or sensations associated with the experience of anxiety. Bodily sensations related to anxiety are misattributed as a harmful experience causing more intense anxiety or fear. For example, a person may fear the shakes as impending neurological disorder.
Anxiety Sensitivity
____ constitutes a subtype of specific phobias. It includes fear of blood (hemophobia), injury phobia and fear of receiving an injection (trypanophobia and some other names) or other invasive medical procedures.
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
____ is a psychological disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with imaginary defects in their appearance.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
____ is a cognitive behavioral therapy technique used to identify and replace irrational thoughts that trigger social anxiety
Cognitive Restructuring
____ an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way, especially against one’s conscious wishes.
Compulsions
____ this therapy involves the person with OCD facing his or her fears and then refraining from ritualizing.
Exposure and Response Prevention
____ is a technique in behavior therapy used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves the exposure of the patient to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety.
exposure therapy
____
Exteroceptive Conditioning Fear
____ a psychological disorder characterized by excessive or disproportionate anxiety about several aspects of life, such as work, social relationships, or financial matters.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
____ is a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save them. A person with this disorder experiences distress at the thought of getting rid of the items. Excessive accumulation of items, regardless of actual value, occurs.
Hoarding Disorder
____ is a cognitive behavioral therapy technique used in the treatment of panic disorder.
Interoceptive Conditioning
____ is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations
Neurotic Disorders
____ an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes on a person’s mind.
Obsessions
____ is an anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).Often the person carries out the behaviors to get rid of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the obsessive rituals can cause great anxiety.
OCD
____ is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).[1] “The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks.”
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum-
Disorders
____ is a sudden feeling of acute and disabling anxiety.
panic attack
____ is a psychiatric disorder in which debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause.
panic disorder
____ = challenge or provocation studies are taking advantage of the ability of certain agents to closely reproduce spontaneous panic attacks in laboratory. The latter strategy enables the researchers to test various hypotheses about the proposed etiology, to compare indices obtained from healthy volunteers with those of PD patients, as well as to compare a baseline measure with values of some variable during the attack.
Panic Provocation Procedures
___ is an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
phobia
___ is a concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others. For example, phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the laboratory than other kinds of fears.
Prepared Learning
___ is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety (intense nervousness) and self-consciousness arise from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others
Social Phobia
___ is a compulsive desire to pull out one’s hair.
Trichotillomania
___ is the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events.
Attributions
___ is a behavioral treatment that primarily focuses on changing behaviors to address problems people may be experiencing.
Behavioral Activation Treatment
___ would tend to have manic or hypomanic episodes during a specific season of the year. During the other seasons, their mood would tend to be normal neither manic nor depressed
Bipolar Disorder with a Seasonal Pattern
___ consists of mania and depression
Bipolar I Disorder
___ consists of hypomania and periods of depression
Bipolar II Disorder
___ is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term “depression” is used in a number of different ways. It is often used to mean this syndrome but may refer to other mood disorders or simply to a low mood
Chronic Major Depressive Disorder
___ is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. It is most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, but can be useful for other mental and physical health problems.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
___ is a mild form of bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness), in which a person has mood swings over a period of years that go from mild depression to emotional highs.
Cyclothymic Disorder
___ is a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, and unimportant and often is unable to live in a normal way
depression
___ is a condition that occurs when an individual suffering from mild depression falls into a major depressive state.
double depression
___ are negative and harmful by definition and can exist even when the situation does not exist. For example, one ___ is that the emotion of anger is dangerous and should be avoided at all costs. You can hold this belief whether or not you are experiencing anger.
Dysfunctional Beliefs
___ is a form of chronic depression, with symptoms less severe but longer lasting than other forms of depression.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
___ is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. It seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
___ over the course of at least four days, elevated mood plus three of the following symptoms OR irritable mood plus four of the following symptoms: pressured speech. inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. decreased need for sleep.
Hypomanic Episode
___ is a time-limited treatment that encourages the patient to regain control of mood and functioning typically lasting 12–16 weeks.
Interpersonal Therapy
___ a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed. It is thought to be one of the underlying causes of depression.
Learned Helplessness
___ used as a mood-stabilizing drug, especially for bipolar disorder.
Lithium
A person who suffers from a ___ must either have a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least a 2 week period. This mood must represent a change from the person’s normal mood; social, occupational, educational or other important functioning must also be negatively impaired by the change in mood.
Major Depressive Episode
___ is a subtype of major depression that involves several specific symptoms, including increased appetite or weight gain, sleepiness or excessive sleep, marked fatigue or weakness, moods that are strongly reactive to environmental circumstances, and feeling extremely sensitive to rejection.
Major Depressive Episode with Atypical
Features
___ is a subset of major depressive disorders that is characterized by severe disturbances in motor function.
Major Depressive Episode with
Catatonic Features
___ is a type of major depressive episode which includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, plus at least 3 of 6 other designated symptoms
Major depressive episode with melancholic features
___ is an emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
mania
___ is a condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expensive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least one week. in addition, at least 3 out of 7 other designated symptoms must also occur.
manic episode
____ is a condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least one week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days
mixed episode
____ is a class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
____ = delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a person’s mood
Mood Congruent
____ are disturbances of mood that are intense and frequent enoughto be clearly maladaptive
Mood Disorders
____ are thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions.
Negative Automatic Thoughts
____ are negative thoughts about the self, the world, the future
Negative Cognitive Triad
____ this involves long standing depressed mood (2 years or more). The disorder incorporates dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
___ is a cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events
Pessimistic Attributional Style
____ is a pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year
Rapid Cycling
____ is a new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of symptom.
Recurrence
___ is a form of major depression where the episodes of depression recur on a regular seasonal basis (fall/winter) but not at other times of the year.
Recurrent Major Depressive Episode
with a Seasonal Pattern
___ is a return of the symptoms of the disorder after a fairly short period of time
relapse
___ refers to the process of going over and over in one’s mind or going over a thought repeatedly time and again
Rumination
____ is a mood disorder involving at least 2 episodes of depression in the past 2 years occuring at the same time of year (most commonly spring)
Seasonal Affective Disorder
___ is a medication that inhibits serotonin that is used in the treatment of depression
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
____ is major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations
Severe Major Depressive Episode with
Psychotic Features
___ are different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes which may help predict the course and preferred treatments for the condition.
Specifiers
___ = taking one’s own life
suicide
___ are medications used to treat depression, and sometimes anxiety disorders, that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse.
Tricyclic Antidepressants
___ is a mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur.
Unipolar Depressive Disorder
___ = in a person with dissociative identity disorder, personalities other than the host personality
Alter Identities
___ is a pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control appear without any underlying organic pathology
Conversion Disorder
___ is the temporary loss of sense of one’s own self and one’s own reality
Depersonalization
___ is a dissociative disorder in which episodes of depersonalization and derealization becomes persistent and recurrent
Depersonalization disorder
___ is an experience in which the external world is perceived as distorted and lacking a stable and palpable existence
derealization
___ is the human mind’s capacity to mediate complex mental activity in channels split off from or independent of conscious awareness.
Dissociation
___ is psychogenically caused memory failure.
Dissociative Amnesia
___ are conditions involving a disruption in an individual’s normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, or identity
dissociative disorders
___ is a dissociative amnesic state in which the person is not only amnesic for some or all aspects of his or her past but also departs from home surroundings
Dissociative Fugue
___ is a condition in which a person manifests at least 2 or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
___ is the feigning of symptoms to maintain the personal benefits that a sick role may provide, including the attention and concern of medical personnel or family members
Factitious Disorder
___ is a variant of factitious disorder in which a person induces medical or psychological symptoms in another person who is under their care
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
___ is the identity in dissociative identity disorder which is most frequently encountered and carries the person’s real name. This is not usually the original identity and it may or may not be the best adjusted identity
host identity
___ is the preoccupation, based on misinterpretations of bodily symptoms, with the fear that one has a serious disease
hypochondriasis
___ is an older term used for conversion disorders; involves the appearance of symptoms of organic illness in the absence of any related organic pathology
hysteria
___ is memory that occurs below the conscious level
implicit memory
___ perception that occurs below the conscious level
implicit perception
____ is consciously faking illness or symptoms of disability to achieve some specific non-medical objective
malingering
___ is the experience of pain of sufficient duration and severity to cause significant life disruption in the absence of medical pathology that would explain it
pain disorder
___ the view that DID starts from the child’s attempt to cope with an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and powerlessness in the face of repeated traumatic abuse
Posttraumatic Theory (of DID)
___ = in psychodynamic theory it is the goal achieved by symptoms of conversion disorder by keeping internal intrapsychic conflicts out of awareness. in contemporary terms it is the goal achieved by symptoms of conversion disorder by allowing the person to escape or avoid stressful situations
primary gain
___ = external circumstances that tend to reinforce the maintenance of disability
secondary gain
____ is the view that DID develops when a highly suggestible learns to adopt and enact the roles of multiple identities, mostly because clinicians have inadvertently suggested, legitimized, and reinforced them and because these different identities are geared to the individual’s own personal goals
Sociocognitive Theory (of DID)
____ is the greek word for body
soma
____ are pertaining to the body
Somatic Symptom Disorder
___ = multiple complaints, over a long period beginning before age 30, of physical ailments that are inadequately explained by independent findings of physical illness or injury and that lead to medical treatment or to significant life impairment
Somatization Disorder
____ are conditions involving physiical complaints or disabilities that occur without evidence of physical pathology to account for them
somatoform disorders
