Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a muslim?
A follower of islam.
Beliefs In islam
- Monotheism or only one God
- Believe in Judgement Day
- Muhammad is the most important and last prophet.
What is the Quran?
Literally means the word of God.A book that has the message of God gaven by Muhammad.It is made of 114 suras(chapters) and verses are called Ayas.There is only one version of the Quran.
Mecca 510-622 vs Medina 622-632
- Mecca are the rules a muslim have to follow of the religion while
- Medina are the stories of islam.
Where was the sacarfice when Abraham was going to do?
In Mecca and mad a Kaba
What are the 5 Pillars of Islam that muslis follow?
- Confessing the faith that You beleive in God and Mohamaned is the true prohet.
- Muslims pray 5 times a day.
- Portion of their income, muslims give to the poor.
- Fast in Ramdadan which is a holy month.
- Make the Pilgrimage by vistiting Mecca once in their lifetime.
What is Abrogation?
It is a term used in Islamic legal exegesis for seemingly contradictory material within or between the two primary sources of Islamic law: the Quran and the Sunna
What is Asbab Al-Nuzul?
Reasons for the revelations. Refers to a field of study and genre of literature devoted to recounting the circumstances of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers when particular verses from theQuran were revealed.
What are Hadith?
The collected reports of what the Prophet Muhammad said and did during his lifetime.
What is a Isnad?
The chain of authorities attesting to the historical authenticity of a particular hadith.
What is Sunna?
The practice of the prophet Mohamed.
What is Ijma(Consensus)?
The consensus or agreement of the Muslim scholars basically on religious issues.
What is a Qiyas(analogy)?
Is a method that uses analogy – comparison – to derive Islamic legal rulings for new developments.
How did the Imam Abu Hanifah approach probelms in islam?
Died in 76.Born in kufu,Iraq. He would go to the Quran as a resource to solve everyday probelms in islam.
How did Maliki Lbnana approach probelms?
When facing probelms, he would approach it by saying “what would Mohamend or the peopele of Medina do?”
How did Hanbali approach probelms in Islam?
What is a Sharia?
(Islam) the body of canonical law based on the Quran that lays down certain duties and penalties forMuslims.
What is a Flatl
What are Fatwas?
Literally means opinions
Define Hellenism
Abbasids
Payt Al-Hikma
Al-Farabi
Who are the Mutazilites?
- The beleive the unity of God
- Divine Justice
- Rewards and punishment for a person deeds
- Intermediate Position
- command Good/forbid evil
What is Astronomy?
- Astronomy is a superstition not a scienc
- Generally condemned in islam
- Modern horoscopes
- Considered occult science
Practical Uses for Astronomy
- Navigation
- Time telling
- Determining moon cycles
Religious uses
- Finding the qibla
- Determing prayer times
- Determing when to begin and break fasts
Instruments for Observation
- The Astrolabe-an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in astronomy and navigation: used by Greek astronomers from about 200 b.c. and by Arab astronomers from the Middle Ages until superseded by the sextant
- The Sextant-an astronomical instrument used to determine latitude and longitude atsea by measuring angular distances, especially the altitudes of sun,moon, and stars.
Obervatories
- Ulug Beg’s Observatory at Samarqand 1420a
Map Making
- Al-Idrisi’s worls map
- Produced in Sicily for Roger II ca 1100
Al-Kwarazmi 8305
Al-Jabr
He invented algebra
Al-Farghani 850’s
Al-Biruni 1048
Ghazna
Geocentric
Hellocentric
Mathematical Innovations in Islam
- Algebra
- Al-Khwarazmi(8302)
- Al-jabr=compulsion
- Western Introduction of Trigonmetry
- Sine function and others originally Indian
- Combination of algebra and trignometry
- Important for advance geometry
- Umar al-Khvyam
- Thesis combines albrea with Greek geometry
- Method eventually used by Descate(d. 1650)
- Also wrote poerty.
Optics
- Study of light and refraction
- Lenses
- Prisms
- Mirrors
- Theories of funtioning of the eye
-
Greek Aristotelian Optics
1. Objects emit rays that are receieved by eye
Ibn al-Haytham(d 1039)
- Therory of vision
- Objects do not emit rays
- Objects reflect light that eye receives
- Camera Obscura
- Experiments not dne by Europeans until 1600s
Al-Farisi (d.1319)
- Refraction theory
- Experiment to explain rainbows
- Uses hundreds of identical class spheres
- Shows how water refracts light.
Qanat System
- Underground irrigation
- Iranian n orgins
Dams and irrigation
- Capture of rainwatr for agircultural uses
- Can allow agriculture in desert zones
- Some structures still surive
