Exam 1 Flashcards
Who is Ali Bin Abi Talib?
Is the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661(he was the 4th). Also son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the first young male who accepted Islam.
Who is Abu Bakr?
Born to a wealthy family, Abu Bakr was a successful merchant with a reputation for honesty and kindness. He has been a friend to Muhammad for a long time, Abu Bakr became the first adult male to convert to Islam. Muhammad married Abu Bakr’s daughter Aisha and chose him to accompany him to Medina. Shortly before his death, Muhammad asked Abu Bakr to offer up a prayer for the people. This was taken as a sign that the Prophet had chosen Abu Bakr to succeed him, and after Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr was accepted as the first “deputy of the Prophet of God,” or caliph. Another faction preferred Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as caliph, but Ali eventually submitted, and Abu Bakr took over governance of all Muslim Arabs. As Caliph, Abu Bakr brought all of central Arabia under Muslim control and was successful in spreading Islam further through conquest.
Who is Muawiya Sufyan?
Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. Eventually won political control over the Islamic community. As son of Abu Sufyan, one of the leaders of the Meccan opposition to Mohammed, Muawiya did not adopt Islam until the conquest of Mecca in 630. Muawiya at this time was made secretary to the Prophet, but it was as a warrior in the army sent by the caliph Abu Bakr to conquer Syria that Muawiya first distinguished himself in the Muslim community.
Who is Ibn Al-Zubayr?
Was an Arab sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and whose mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr, daughter of the first Caliph Abu Bakr. He was the nephew of Aisha, third wife of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Abdullah took part in the African expeditions. Later, he led in revolt against the Umayyad irreligiousity and became a Caliph after the death of Yezid ibn Muawiyyah, bringing regions of the Hijaz, Yemen, parts of Syria, Iraq and Egypt under his control.
Who is Abd Al - Malik ?
Fifth caliph of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. ʿAbd al-Malik spent the first half of his life with his father, Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam, fourth Umayyad caliph, in Medina, where he received religious instruction and developed friendly relations with the pious circles of that city that were to stand him in good stead in his later life. At the age of 16, he was entrusted by his kinsman, the caliph Muʿāwiyah, with administrative responsibilities. He remained at Medina until 683, when he and his father were driven out of the city by Medinese rebels in revolt against the centralgovernment in Damascus. He then met the Syrian Umayyad army that was marching on Medina and gave its commander advice about the best means of attacking the city, advice that was followed and proved successful. When the caliph Yazīd died in November 683, Marwān was proclaimed caliph in 684 and was able to effect a partial rally of Umayyad rule but at the cost of a bitter feud that arose between northern and southern Arab tribes. When Marwān died in 685 and ʿAbd al-Malik succeeded to the caliphate, the forces opposing the Umayyads were still formidable.
Who were the Kharijites?
– A group of people who came out in between the time of Othman Bin Afan and Ali Bin Abi Talib. They were Muslims but with different believes than Muslims. They were extremists in Islam, and they did not like the way Othman and Ali ruled.
Who were the Buyids?
A group of people that came from central and western Iran and Iraq. They are none Muslims also they had some of the same believes like Shiaat do.
What is Damascus?
Damascus is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. In the Middle Ages, it was the centre of a flourishing craft industry, specializing in swords and lace. The city has some 125 monuments from different periods of its history – one of the most spectacular is the 8th-century Great Mosque of the Umayyads, built on the site of an Assyrian sanctuary. Umayyad caliphate created Damascus as its capital, setting the scene for the city’s ongoing development as a living Muslim, Arab city, upon which each succeeding dynasty has left and continues to leave its mark.
What is Baghdad?
In 634 A.D., the newly-created Muslim empire expanded into the region of Iraq, which at the time was part of the Persian Empire. Muslim armies, under the command of Khalid ibn Waleed, moved into the region and defeated the Persians. They offered the mostly-Christian residents two choices: embrace Islam, or pay a jizyah tax to be protected by the new government and excluded from military service. The caliph Omar ibn Al-Khattab ordered the foundation of two cities to protect the new territory: Kufah (the new capital of the region) and Basrah (the new port city).
Baghdad only came into importance in later years. The city’s roots date back to ancient Babylon, a settlement as far back as 1800 B.C. However, its fame as a center for commerce and scholarship began in the 8th century A.D.
Who were the Ulama
Ulama – People who are like scientists in Islam. They are known for their well Islamic Education.
