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Biology 1408 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer/transform increases the entropy of the universe.

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2
Q

How does the second law of thermodynamics occur?

A

Energy is lost by each transfer or transform in the form of heat

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3
Q

How is this possible when living things are organized?

A

An energy transfer causes something to become organized, while causing something else to become disorganized.

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4
Q

What is an example of the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Cleaning out your closet; the junk gets moved to your room then the garage, then the city dump. Your closet is now organized, but you just made the city dump become less organized.

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5
Q

If I have a disorder where I cannot breakdown a substance, what is the most likely cause?

A

Lack of the proper enzyme

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6
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the path through the endomembrane system?

A

Nucleus, ER, Golgi, vacuole/lysosome/membrane. (NevER Go to Vegas to Lose Money.

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8
Q

What types of organisms have cell walls?

A

Plants

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9
Q

What is the difference between the cell wall of a plant and that of a bacteria?

A

plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacteria cell walls are made from chitin

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10
Q

What is the function of an enzyme? How does it perform this function?

A

It speeds up the process of a reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction

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11
Q

What is endocytosis? What are the types of endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is a process where a cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.

  • Phagocytosis- “eating”- large particles or other cells
  • Pinocytosis- “drinking” - fluids and dissolved substances
  • Receptor- mediated
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12
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Bulk transfer process when transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents

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13
Q

What are the 3 main points of the cell theory?

A
  • All organisms are made of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
  • All cells come from preexisting cells.
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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? The lysosome? The mitochondria? The cell wall? The cell membrane? The golgi apparatus? The ER? The cytoskeleton? A vacuole? A peroxisome?

A

Nucleus- the “Brain”, contains DNA
Lysosome- “city dump”, membranous sac, contains hydrolytic enzymes used to break down waste/digestion
Mitochondria- produces energy, inherited from mother ONLY
Cell Wall- not in animal cells, surrounds cell membrane, maintains shape, prevents excess water intake
Cell Membrane- Selectively permeable, composed of phospholipids (glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group)
Golgi Apparatus- “warehouse”- modifies protien, completes protein folding to complete functionality, uses vesicules to ship proteins
ER- “industrial district”- rough ER has ribosomes (make protein), smooth ER has no ribosomes
Cytoskeleton- supports cell, maintains shape, anchors organelles, regulates biochemical activity
Vacuole- large vesicles, storage sacs
Peroxisome- enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, detoxify alcohol in liver, “hospital”

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15
Q

Which of the organelles can you find in a plant cell? An animal cell? A bacteria?

A

k

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16
Q

What are microtubules and what is their function?

A

Organized by centrosomes, important in chromosome and cellular movement.
Cilia- short and numerous
Flagella- longer and single or in pairs

17
Q

What is a hypertonic solution? A hypotonic solution? An isotonic solution?

A

A hypertonic solution is when the concentration is higher in a cell than outside of it. A hypotonic solution is when a cell has a lower concentration than the outside of it. An isotonic solution is where the concentration is the same outside and inside the cell.

18
Q

What happens to a plant cell in each of the above solutions? In an animal cell? (hyertonic, hyotonic, isotonic)

A

Plant-

19
Q

Why is there a difference between the plant and animal cells in the solutions above?

A

k

20
Q

What is osmosis? Passive diffusion? Facilitated diffusion? Active transport?

A

j

21
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

k

22
Q

Where can you find DNA in a plant cell? In an animal cell?

A

k

23
Q

What is the cell membrane made of? What is the description of the structure?

A

k

24
Q

What is the function of a gop junction? Plasmodesmata? Tight junction? Barrier junction?

A

k

25
Q

What is the advantage of a light microscope over an electron microscope?

A

k

26
Q

What is the advantage of an electron microscope over an electron microscope?

A

k

27
Q

What is the advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope?

A

k

28
Q

What is potential energy? Kinetic energy? What is an example of each?

A

k

29
Q

What is an endergonic reaction? An exergonic reaction? How can you visibly tell them apart?

A

k

30
Q

What happens to an enzyme at high temperatures?

A

k

31
Q

What is the optimal temperature and pH of all enzymes?

A

k

32
Q

What types of molecules pass through the membrane the easiest?

A

k

33
Q

What do we use to break down substances in our body that will not break down normally?

A

k

34
Q

What is the difference between the smooth and rough ER?

A

k

35
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics? What does this mean for human beings?

A

k

36
Q

What is hydrophobic? What is hydrophilic? What types of substances are each? How does this help create a cell membrane?

A

k

37
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction? Can you have one without the other?

A

j

38
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

k

39
Q

What is negative feedback/feedback inhibition?

A

k

Biology 1408 (2 decks)

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