Exam 1 Flashcards by Rachel Alsip

What are the properties of life? What are examples of each?

1) Organization- How the cells are arranged
2) Energy Use- Producer/Autotroph: makes their own energy (plants), Consumer/Heterotroph: eats something to consume energy (human), Decomposer: Gets energy from dead or decaying matter (fungi)
3) Internal Consistancy- Homeostasis: maintaining a constant tempurature, pH, and salt level
4) Reproduction, Growth, and Development- sexual or asexual, survival of the species is more important than survival of the individual, reproduction is key
5) Evolution- the core theme in biology, Red Queen hypothesis- if you can’t keep up you fall behind and die. Evolution changes the frequency of a trait, it does not introduce a new trait. Adaptations must be inherited and be able to be passed on through reproduction.

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Can something be living if it does some, but not all of the properties?

No, a living thing must have all five of these

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Can something nonliving perform some of the properties of life?

Yes

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Is DNA a property of life?

No, DNA is not a property of life

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What pH does an acid have? A base? What makes one strong or weak?

Acid: <7, weak: closer to 7, strong: closer to 1

Base: >7, weak: closer to 7, strong: closer to 14

Neutral: 6-8

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What pH does a neutral solution have?

6-8

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How do you neutralize an acid?

Use a base

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What is the function and basic structure of a carbohydrate? Protein? Phospholipid? Nucleic acid? Fat? Know some distinguishing characteristics about each so you can ID them.

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What is an isotope?

Atoms that have different numbers of neutrons

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What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? Be able to identify each with examples.

Inductive is used for theories, you go small to big.

deductive is when you go big to small/ a hypothesis

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What did Charles Darwin hypothesize when he saw the orchids of Madagascar?

He hypothesized that there must be an insect that had a long enough probiscus to reach the nectar.

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What are the properties of water important for sustaining life? Be able to describe each one and the function of each one.

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What is the sequence of the levels of biology in order? Be able to identify examples of each level.

Atom-> Molecule-> Organelle-> Cells-> Tissues-> Organs-> Organ System-> Organism (we stop here)-> Population-> Community-> Ecosystem-> Biosphere.

ie: Carbon, CO2, Nucleus, Skin cell, Muscle tissue, Heart, Circulatory system, Humans, the Class, TR Campus, Ft. Worth, Earth.

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Which is the lowest level that can sustain life-meaning, which level is considered a living thing?

Cells

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What are the levels of protein structure? Which is not necessary?

Primary Structure: the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. This sequence decides all subsequent structure levels.

Secondary Structure: Results from hydrogen bonds between parts of the polypeptide, Folds the chains of the amino acids into coils, sheets, and loops

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What is a dependent variable? Independent variable? Standardized variable? Be able to identify each one in a given experiment.

Independent- What you change and test

Dependent- What you measure/ what changes

Standardized- What is consistant

What is a controlled experiment?

When every part of the experiment is controlled and you only change one variable at a time in order to observe the changes

What is a control and why is it important?

A control is a variable in an experiment that does not get the treatment. This is done to know what the results are based off of one controlled element.

What is a placebo?

A placebo is where the real treatment is not given out in order to see what the true results are. Often times used as the control

What is a producer? A consumer? A decomposer? What are examples of each?

Producer/Autotroph: makes their own energy (plants), Consumer/Heterotroph: eats something to consume energy (human), Decomposer: Gets energy from dead or decaying matter (fungi)

What is the atomic number? The atomic mass?

What are the parts of the atom and how can you use the above numbers to determine how many of each an atom has?

What is an enzyme?

What is a molecule?

A group of the same atoms

What is a covalent bond? What does this bond form? What is the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond in terms of electronegativity and electron sharing?

The sharing of electrons between ATOMS in the same MOLECULE

What is an ionic bond? What does this bond form? What types of atoms form this bond in terms of electronegativity?

Forms when one atom releases a valence electron and becomes cation, and another atom absorbs this electron to its valence shell and becomes anion

What is a hydrogen bond?

Forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules. I.e: a hydrogen atom on one molecule and an oxygen atom on another molecule

Which type of bond creates water molecules? Which type of bond attaches water molecules together?

What is a buffer? What combination of solutions makes a good buffer?

A buffer is something that tries to smooth out the differnece between two pH's. A good buffer is consisted of a base and an acid close in range.

What is a dehydration reaction? What is hydrolysis?

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? Why is evolution a theory and not a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a narrow question that can be tested. A theory used inductive reasoning: you observe a small group and make broad assumptions. Evolution is a theory because it is widely accepted.

What two things must a valid hypothesis be?

Tested and falsifiable

When is the scientific method used?

When conducting experiments

What is the difference between a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic substance?

Hydrophobic- nonpolar, does not dissolve in water Hydrophilic- polar, does dissolve in water

Where does all the energy come from?

The sun

What are the 3 domains of life?

What is the basic principle behind natural selection/evolution?

The Red Queen Hypothesis

Which is more important- an individual or a species?

Species

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? Know the distinguishing characteristics of each so that you can ID them.