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Archaeology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive approach

A

Basic data collection; description; typically during 18th-19th century

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2
Q

Culture history

A

Establish cultural chronology via stratigraphic excavation; serif at taxonomies; late 19th-early 20th century

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3
Q

Processual archaeology

A

“The new archaeology” positivistic: we can interpret the past; applying the scientific method to look at universal laws regarding human behavior. Late 20th century - reductionist

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4
Q

Post-processual

A

Embrace complexities of human behavior; agency oriented [nuanced approach] often pursues an explicit agenda

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5
Q

Processual plus

A

A healthy compromise between processual and post

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6
Q

Technomic

A

Technologies (processuals are good at this)

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7
Q

Sociotechnic

A

Social organization

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8
Q

Ideotechnic

A

Ideologies

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9
Q

Africanism

A

A custom in Africa that slaves brought over

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10
Q

Sub-floor pits - what do they look like to archaeologists now?

A

Dark stains on the ground

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11
Q

Are sub-floor pits an africanism?

A

No

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12
Q

Utopia III

A

Williamsburg; large old scallop shells and cow bones - religious cache

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13
Q

Utopia IV

A

Glass bottle inside metal tray with push pins in it; possibly some kind of religious shrine

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14
Q

Where are subfloor pits found?

A

Atlantic Chesapeake region

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15
Q

Spirit bundle

A

Annapolis; clay clump with bullets, nail, and prehistoric Native American axe; on street curb

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16
Q

Carrol house

A

Annapolis; cache with stone crystals, buttons, pins, animal bones

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17
Q

Experimental archaeology

A

Experimental approach to addressing specific archaeological questions

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18
Q

Replication

A

Painstaking effort to reproduce every concept of an activity

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19
Q

Major categories of experimental arch

A

Basic tech, architecture, watercraft, task-labor-energy issues

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20
Q

Taphonomy

A

How do sites get formed? Ie animal carcass testing

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21
Q

Flintknapping

A

Replicating stone tools via the process of making them

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22
Q

Debitage

A

Flakes

23
Q

Percussion flaking

A

Hitting the rock with another thing

Hard v soft hammer

24
Q

Pressure flaking

A

Applying pressure on one rock with another

25
Q

Atlatl

A

Helps throw spears

26
Q

Seriation chart

A

Material culture reaches peak then declines as something new comes around

27
Q

During what era was the original gravestone project done? (Deetz and Dethlefson)

A

Processual

28
Q

Lost colony

A

Roanoke - first english effort

29
Q

First settlement of Roanoke

A

1585-1586
Walter Raleigh and captain Ralph lane
Left a few people, came back to find skeleton and some supplies but that’s it

30
Q

Second settlement of Roanoke

A

1587-1590
Family groups
Raleigh and white went to re supply, then Spanish war so didn’t return for three years
Colony was empty, settlement showed no signs of struggle or forced evacuation
Croatan

31
Q

Two theories on where lost colonists went

A

Chesapeake and croatan

32
Q

Archaeology of fort Raleigh

A

Ground zero - not much there

33
Q

Archaeology of hatteras

A

South

Finding things you would expect at Raleigh

34
Q

Archaeology of albermarle sound

A

Northeast
Site X
Found a tricky map and other stuff

35
Q

Portability problems

A

Easily portable items are easily displaced

36
Q

Paradigms

A

Archaeological subcultures; theoretical world view

  1. Processual
  2. Post processual
  3. Processual plus
37
Q

Positivism

A

Believin we can deduce the past from archaeology

38
Q

Where is Stonehenge?

A

Salisbury plain, south England

39
Q

How kin did it take to form Stonehenge

A

Neolithic to Bronze Age

40
Q

How is Salisbury plain’s soil categorized?

A

Chalky

41
Q

What was Stonehenge originally, before the stones?

A

Wood

42
Q

Why was Stonehenge created?

A

to anticipate significant celestial events

43
Q

What is needed for conventional aerial methods?

A

Airborne photography; optimal seasons and oblique lighting

44
Q

Crop marks

A

Most notable when crops change; bad crops grow where there are anomalies - old stone homes, places where ditches were dug then refilled - nazca lines in chile, Bolivia, and Peru

45
Q

UAV

A

Unmanned aerial vehicle; drone

46
Q

Satellite imagery

A

Google earth basically; unfiltered full-spectrum imagery; multi spectral imaging shows healthy vegetation as red and unhealthy as yellow

47
Q

Proton Magnetometer

A

Electrical current displaces protons; pulses

48
Q

Fluxgate gradiometer

A

Continuously measures differences in magnetic alignment of electrical currents passing between two electromagnets

49
Q

Why is magnetometery good?

A

Large anomalies, rapid collection

But it’s sensitive to interference!

50
Q

GPR

A

Ground penetrating radar; measure length of time at which radio signals pass through a soil matrix; can show profile and 3D slicing, penetrates different surfaces

But it’s slow, the antenna must be in contact with the ground, lots of data processing

51
Q

The cursus

A

Berm and ditch a mile long created before Stonehenge, two pits on either side after Stonehenge, oriented east/west

52
Q

Durrington walls

A

Upright buried stones that no one knew about

53
Q

LIDAR

A

Light distance and ranging; illuminates targets with laser generated light and measures the time the reflection takes to return; aerial and ground; three dimensions, intense data crunching, variety of surfaces

54
Q

The testimony of the slade

A

Ground truthing still matters!

Archaeology (2 decks)

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