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Small Animal Surgery > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hip Dysplasia: Definition

A

abnormal development of coxofemoral joint => laxity => remodeling => degeneration

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2
Q

Hip Dysplasia: Signs

A

exercise intolerance, bunny hopping, stiff, forward wt shift

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3
Q

Hip Dysplasia: Stance

A

Wide - compensatory

Narrow - degeneration

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4
Q

Hip Dysplasia: Dx

A

Rads (OHA, PennHip) ortolani test

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5
Q

What is Coxa Valga?

A

adaptive response to abnormal stress

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6
Q

Hip Dysplasia: Tx

A

supportive (wt management, NSAIDs), TPO, FHO, THR

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7
Q

Coxofemoral Luxation: Dislocation Positions

A

Caudovental - leg is abducted and flexed, stifle rotated inward
Craniodorsal - relaxed extension

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8
Q

Coxofemoral Luxation: Caudoventral Tx

A

reduce, hobble 10-14d

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9
Q

Coxofemoral Luxation: Craniodorsal Tx

A

reduce, ehmer sling 4-14d

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10
Q

Legg-Perthes Dz: Pathophysiology

A

ischemia to femoral head =>necrosis

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11
Q

Legg-Perthes Dz: Dx

A

Early: radiopacity of lat. femoral head, focal bone lysis

Later - flat, mottling of femoral head, thick femoral neck

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12
Q

Legg-Perthes Dz: Tx

A

FHO

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13
Q

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tear: Signs

A

effusion, atrophy, crepitus

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14
Q

CCL Tear: Dx

A

(+) drawer sign, tibial thrust

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15
Q

CCL Tear: Tx

A

Extracapsular - lateral suture, tight rope

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, Tibial Tuberosity Advancement

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16
Q

Meniscal Tears: Types

A

bucket handle (intrameniscal)

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17
Q

Meniscal Tear: Tx

A

partial meniscectomy

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18
Q

Patellar Luxation: Pathogenesis Poss.

A

medial malalignment of quadriceps => medial displacement of tibial tuberosity, shallow trochlear groove

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19
Q

Patellar Luxation: Grades

A

I - can be luxated but pops back in (in-in)
II - luxates but can be reduced (in-out)
III - luxated most of the time, can be reduced (out-in)
IV - fixed luxation (out-out)

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20
Q

Patellar Luxation: Dx

A

PE, rads

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21
Q

Patellar Luxation: Tx

A

mild - monitor for progression

Mod/severe - bone/soft tissue reconstruction,

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22
Q

Carpus/Tarsus: Hyperextension - Locations

A

antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpal, combo

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23
Q

Carpus/Tarsus: Hyperextension - Tx

A

pancarpal arthrodesis

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24
Q

Carpal Laxity Syndrome: Tx

A

self correcting

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25
Q

Common Calcanean Tendon Rupture: Tx

A

3 loop pulley/ locking loop pattern, immobilize joint w/ no tension on tendon

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26
Q

Ovarian Dzs: Examples

A

cyst, noeoplasia, ovarian remnant syndrome

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27
Q

Ovarian Cyst: Types

A

nonfunctional (incidental)

functional

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28
Q

Ovarian Cyst: Signs

A

dependant on hormone produced, prolonged stage of estrus

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29
Q

Ovarian Cyst: Tx

A

sx - removal

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30
Q

Ovarian Neoplasia: Origins

A

Epithelial, Stromal, Germ Cell

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31
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Etiology

A

sx error

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32
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Signs

A

recurrence of estrus cycle despite spay

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33
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Dx

A

vaginal cytology, hormone assays

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34
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Tx

A

sx

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35
Q

Pyometra: Signs

A

recent cycle, PU/PD, septic, fever, abdominal pain, poss. discharge

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36
Q

Pyometra: Dx

A

CBC (sepsis), DI

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37
Q

Pyometra: Tx

A

stabalize -> OHE

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38
Q

Metritis: Etiology

A

dystocia, obstetric manipulation, retained fetus/placenta, devitalized uterine tissue

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39
Q

Metritis: Signs

A

systemic illness

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40
Q

Metritis: Dx

A

CBC (sepsis), DI

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41
Q

Metritis: Tx

A

supportive, antibiotics, sx

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42
Q

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia: Signs

A

muco-/hydro-/hematometra, asymptomatic - or- systemic

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43
Q

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia: Dx

A

U/S

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44
Q

Cystic Endometial Hyperplasia: Tx

A

OHE if hematometra, supportive

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45
Q

Uterine Torsion: Signs

A

Acute abdomen, shock

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46
Q

Uterine Torsion: Tx

A

OHE

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47
Q

Uterine Rupture: Signs

A

min. -or- septic peritonitis (if pyometra)

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48
Q

Uterine Rupture: Tx

A

OHE

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49
Q

Uterine Prolapse: Tx

A

manual reduction, OHE

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50
Q

Labor: Order of Signs

A

Temp drop ->
Stage 1 - restless, nesting ->
Stage 2 - fetal expulsion ->
Stage 3 - placental expulsion -> involution

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51
Q

Dystocia: Dx

A

prolonged gestation (>68d), toxemia during gestation, stage 1 lasting >24hrs, no puppies >36h post temp drop, stage 2 > 30min, >4hr between puppies

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52
Q

Dystocia: Tx

A

uterine stim (oxytocin), C-section, en-bloc OHE

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53
Q

Canine Mammary Tumor: Dx

A

cytology, biopsy

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54
Q

Canine Mammary Tumor: Sx Techniques

A

lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, regional mastectomy, Chain Mastectomy

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55
Q

Lumpectomy: Procedure

A

remove solitary mass

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56
Q

Simple Mastectomy: Procedure

A

removal of a single mammary gland

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57
Q

Regional Mastectomy: Procedure

A

removal of glands 1-3/3-5

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58
Q

Chain Mastectomy: Procedure

A

removal of entire chain

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59
Q

T/F: The later you spay, the more likely the chance of Mammary Tumor.

A

True

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60
Q

Canine Mammary Hyperplasia: Appearance

A

multiple small masses after heat

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61
Q

Inflammatory Carcinoma: Appearance

A

rapid progression, highly metastatic

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62
Q

Inflammatory Carcinoma: Tx

A

terminal, not sx

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63
Q

Feline Mammary Tumor: Tx

A

aggressive chain mastectomy on affected side

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64
Q

Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia: Appearance

A

benign, progesterone dependant, looks like 6pack

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65
Q

Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia: Tx

A

OVE

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66
Q

Vagina: Sx Approaches

A

epsiotomy, ventral approach, transpelvic

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67
Q

Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Pathogenesis

A

retained embryonic epithelial tissue -or- hypoplastic

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68
Q

Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Signs

A

recurrent vaginites +/ UTI, incontinence

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69
Q

Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Dx

A

contrast DI, vaginoscopy, digital exam

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70
Q

Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Tx

A

catheterize urethra (to protect), sx

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71
Q

Recessed Vulva (“hooded vulva”): Signs

A

skin fold dermatitis, vaginitis, urine pooling

72
Q

Recessed Vulva: Tx

A

vulvoplasty

73
Q

Vaginal Edema/hyperplasia: Appearance

A

edematous mucoas protrudes from vulva

74
Q

Vaginal Edema/hyperplasia: Tx

A

self limiting, OHE, resection of affected tissue

75
Q

Cryptorchid: Locations

A

abdominal, inguinal, prescrotal

76
Q

Cryptorchidism: Cx Order

A

remove abnormal testicle first

77
Q

Testicular Torsion: Signs

A

anorexia, lethargy -or- pain, shock

78
Q

Testicular Torsion: Tx

A

sx

79
Q

Testicular Neoplasia: Types and Dz

A

Sertoli cells - feminism syndrome

interstitial cell - testosterone

80
Q

Hypospadias: Definition

A

incomplete formation of penile urethra

81
Q

Hypospadias: Signs

A

urine scalding

82
Q

Hypospadias: Tx

A

urethrostomy proximal to abnormality

83
Q

Paraphimosis: Definition

A

inability to retract penis into prepuce

84
Q

Paraphimosis: Etiologies

A

congenital, trauma, infection, priapism

85
Q

Paraphimosis: Tx

A

manual retraction, phallopexy

86
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Digital Exam

A

symmetrically enlarged, pain free prostate

87
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Tx

A

cx

88
Q

T/F: Prostatic Abscess/Prostatitis doesn’t require pre-existing BPH to develop.

A

false.

BPH is required for development

89
Q

Protatitis: Signs

A

dyschezia, painful urination/defication, purulent discharge

90
Q

Prostatitis: Digital Exam

A

symmetrical, painful

91
Q

Prostatitis: Tx

A

mild - antibiotics, fluids, cx

Severe - antibiotics, omentaliztion, cx

92
Q

Prostatic Cyst: U/S

A

“double bladder”

93
Q

Prostatic Cyst: Tx

A

ressection and omentalization, cx

94
Q

T/F: Cx dec. risk of Prostatic Neoplasia.

A

False.

cx isn’t protective against prostatic neoplasia

95
Q

Prostatic Neoplasia: Signs

A

dysuris, hematuria, dyschezia

96
Q

Prostatic Neoplasia: Tx

A

nothing effective

97
Q

What tumors is cytology useful for diagnosing?

A

mast cell tumor, melanoma, lymphoma

98
Q

What’s the difference between Incisional and Excisional biopsy?

A

incisional - remove piece of tumor

excisional - remove entire tumor + margins

99
Q

Neoplasia: Excision Classification

A

marginal - remove just mass
wide - remove extra 2-3 cm
radical - remove entire compartment (amputation)

100
Q

When should lymph nodes be aspirated?

A

prior to sx

101
Q

Pertonitis: Pathophysiology

A

inflammation -> vasodilation -> hypovolemia -> coagulopatihies

102
Q

Peritonitis: Classification

A

primary vs secondayr
aseptic vs septic
focal vs generalized

103
Q

Primary Peritonitis: Example

A

FIP

104
Q

Aseptic Secondary Peritonitis: Examples

A

chemical, bile, pancreatitis, uroperitoneum

105
Q

Peritonitis: Dx

A

CDC/chem, blood gas, coag panel, DI, abdominocentesis

106
Q

Peritonitis: Tx

A

stabalize -> exploratory +lavage

fluids (colloids), antibiotics, analgesia, nutrition, post-op monitor

107
Q

Gastric Foreign Body: Signs

A

vomit, lethargy, pain

108
Q

Gastric Foreign Body: Dx

A

rads, U/S, endoscopy

109
Q

Gastric Foreign Body: Tx

A

stabalize -> removal (endoscopy, sx, emesis)

110
Q

Pyloric Stenosis: Pathophysiology

A

congenital hypertrophy of pyloric muscle

111
Q

Pyloric Stenosis: Signs

A

intermittent vomiting, thin, abdominal distension

112
Q

Pyloric Stenosis: Dx

A

contrast rads, endoscopy, U/S

113
Q

Pyloric Stenosis: Tx

A

sx

114
Q

Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy: Classification

A

Grade 1 - muscular hypertrophy
Grade 2 - msucular and mucosal hyperplasia
Grade 3 - mucosal hyperplasia + muscular and submucosal inflammation

115
Q

CHPG: Dx

A

contrast rads, U/S, endoscopy

116
Q

CHPG: Tx

A

Y-U pyloroplasty, pylorectomy

117
Q

Pylorectomy: Billroth I Procedure

A

excise pyloris, attach duodenum to gastric incision

118
Q

Pylorectomy: Billroth II Procedure

A

excise pyloris, attach jejunum to side of stomach => duodenum to become a blind sac

119
Q

Pythiosis: Signs

A

wt. loss, v/d, hematochezia

120
Q

Pythiosis: Dx

A

histo, elisa

121
Q

Pythiosis: Tx

A

sx excision, itraconazole

122
Q

GDV: Pathophysiology

A

bloat and rotation of stomach so that the pyloris is over (clockwise)/ under (counter-clockwise) the esophagus

123
Q

GDV: Cario Effects

A

low pressure vein compression, poor venous return, hypotension, hypoxemia, reperfusion injury

124
Q

GDV: Respiratory Effects

A

dec. ventilation => inc. CO2 => respiratory acidosis

125
Q

GDV: Signs

A

looking/biting at abdomen, praying posture, retching, distended abdomen

126
Q

GDV: Dx

A

lat rads

127
Q

GDV: Tx

A

stabalize (fluids (crystaloid + colloid), gastric decompression) -> sx (derotate and excise devitalized tissue)

128
Q

GDV: Sx Preventatives

A

gastropexy

129
Q

Intestinal Foreign Body: Pathophysiology

A

oral gas + fluid accumulation and distension, wall ischemia

130
Q

Intestinal Foreign Body: Signs

A

v/d, anorexia, depression, pain

131
Q

Intestinal Foreign Body: Dx

A

rads +/- contrast

132
Q

Intestinal Foreign Body: Tx

A

removal - enterotomy/ resection and anastomosis

133
Q

Intestinal Viabilty: Evaluation

A

paristalsis pinch, color, perfusion (fluorescein infusion)

134
Q

What is the layer of strength in the Intestine?

A

submucosa

135
Q

Intestinal Sx: Suture Patterns

A

simple continuous/interupted, modified gambee

136
Q

Linear Foreign Bodies: Sx

A

multiple enterotomies, cathetherize foreign body

137
Q

Intestinal Sx: Complications

A

sepsis, adhesions, dehiscence, ileus, short bowel syndrome

138
Q

How much intestine must be missing for Short Bowel Syndrome to become apparent?

A

> 70%

139
Q

Intussuseption: Etiologies

A

parasites, virus, foreign body, neoplasia

140
Q

Intussuseption: Dx

A

rads, U/S

141
Q

Intussuseption: Tx

A

manual reduction -or- resection and anastomosis

142
Q

Mesenteric Tosion: Signs

A

abdominal distension, hematochezia, shock

143
Q

Mesenteric Torsion: Dx

A

rads

144
Q

Mesenteric Torsion: Tx

A

fluids, sx

145
Q

Cecal Inversion: Signs

A

diarrhea, hematochezia, tenesmus, wt. loss

146
Q

Cecal Inversion: Dx

A

contrast rads

147
Q

Cecal Inversion: Tx

A

manual reduction -or- colotomy, typhylectomy

148
Q

Megacolon: Signs

A

mass on palpation, depression, anorexia, dehydration, vomit

149
Q

Megacolon: Dx

A

rads

150
Q

Megacolon: Tx

A

correct dehydration, inc. fiber, stool softeners, laxatives, prokinetics -or- subtotal coletomy

151
Q

Anal Prolapse: Tx

A

manual reduction w/ purse string if viable -or- resection

152
Q

Why should enemas not be given sooner than 12hrs prior to sx?

A

the inc. fluid inc. risk of leakage

153
Q

Rectum: Sx Approaches

A

transanal, dorsal, rectal pull through, lateral, ventral

154
Q

Anal Sac Dz: Signs

A

swollen, poss. fever, painful, discharge

155
Q

Anal Sac Dz: Tx

A

express, irrigate, treat underlying dz, anal acculectomy

156
Q

Perianal Fistula: Signs

A

tenesmus, dyschezia, licking, discharge, pain

157
Q

Perianal Fistual: Tx

A

clean, antibiotic, immunosuppression, sx

158
Q

Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Signs

A

non-specific abdominal signs

159
Q

Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Dx

A

CBC/chem, coag, rads, U/S

160
Q

Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Tx

A

complete splenectomy, chemo

161
Q

Splenic Torsion: Signs

A

Acute - pain, shock, DIC

Chronic - malaise, intermittent acute signs

162
Q

Splenic Torsion: Dx

A

U/S

163
Q

Splenic Torsion: Tx

A

fluids, antibiotics, splenectomy (don’t untorse)

164
Q

Pancreas: Biopsy Techniques

A

guillotine, lobar dissection, pinch biopsy

165
Q

Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Dx

A

U/S (hyperechoic mass), cytology

166
Q

Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Tx

A

U/S guided drainage, resection + omentalization

167
Q

Pancreatic Abscess: Etiology

A

sequela to pancreatitis

168
Q

Pancreatic Abscess: Dx

A

U/S, cytology

169
Q

Pancreatic Abscess: Tx

A

emergency sx (debride and omentalize)

170
Q

Biliary Mucoceles: Dx

A

U/S

171
Q

Biliary Mucoceles: Tx

A

cholecystectomy

172
Q

Cholecystoduodenostomy: Sx Procedure

A

attach gal bladder directly to duodenum

173
Q

Portosystemic Shunt: Classification

A

extrahepatic vs intrahepatic

congenital vs acquired

174
Q

PSS: Signs

A

failure to thrive, wt. loss, intolerance to anesthesia

175
Q

PSS: Lab

A

microcytic anemia, neutorphilia, dec. BUN, inc. bile acids + ammonia

176
Q

PSS: Dx

A

UA, DI (microhepatica), portagraphy, U/S

177
Q

PSS: Tx

A

Until Sx - lactulose dec. protein, antibiotics

Sx - occlude w/o causing hypertension, ameroid constrictor/ cellophane banding

Small Animal Surgery (3 decks)

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