Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Hip Dysplasia: Definition
A
abnormal development of coxofemoral joint => laxity => remodeling => degeneration
2
Q
Hip Dysplasia: Signs
A
exercise intolerance, bunny hopping, stiff, forward wt shift
3
Q
Hip Dysplasia: Stance
A
Wide - compensatory
Narrow - degeneration
4
Q
Hip Dysplasia: Dx
A
Rads (OHA, PennHip) ortolani test
5
Q
What is Coxa Valga?
A
adaptive response to abnormal stress
6
Q
Hip Dysplasia: Tx
A
supportive (wt management, NSAIDs), TPO, FHO, THR
7
Q
Coxofemoral Luxation: Dislocation Positions
A
Caudovental - leg is abducted and flexed, stifle rotated inward
Craniodorsal - relaxed extension
8
Q
Coxofemoral Luxation: Caudoventral Tx
A
reduce, hobble 10-14d
9
Q
Coxofemoral Luxation: Craniodorsal Tx
A
reduce, ehmer sling 4-14d
10
Q
Legg-Perthes Dz: Pathophysiology
A
ischemia to femoral head =>necrosis
11
Q
Legg-Perthes Dz: Dx
A
Early: radiopacity of lat. femoral head, focal bone lysis
Later - flat, mottling of femoral head, thick femoral neck
12
Q
Legg-Perthes Dz: Tx
A
FHO
13
Q
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tear: Signs
A
effusion, atrophy, crepitus
14
Q
CCL Tear: Dx
A
(+) drawer sign, tibial thrust
15
Q
CCL Tear: Tx
A
Extracapsular - lateral suture, tight rope
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, Tibial Tuberosity Advancement
16
Q
Meniscal Tears: Types
A
bucket handle (intrameniscal)
17
Q
Meniscal Tear: Tx
A
partial meniscectomy
18
Q
Patellar Luxation: Pathogenesis Poss.
A
medial malalignment of quadriceps => medial displacement of tibial tuberosity, shallow trochlear groove
19
Q
Patellar Luxation: Grades
A
I - can be luxated but pops back in (in-in)
II - luxates but can be reduced (in-out)
III - luxated most of the time, can be reduced (out-in)
IV - fixed luxation (out-out)
20
Q
Patellar Luxation: Dx
A
PE, rads
21
Q
Patellar Luxation: Tx
A
mild - monitor for progression
Mod/severe - bone/soft tissue reconstruction,
22
Q
Carpus/Tarsus: Hyperextension - Locations
A
antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpal, combo
23
Q
Carpus/Tarsus: Hyperextension - Tx
A
pancarpal arthrodesis
24
Q
Carpal Laxity Syndrome: Tx
A
self correcting
25
Common Calcanean Tendon Rupture: Tx
3 loop pulley/ locking loop pattern, immobilize joint w/ no tension on tendon
26
Ovarian Dzs: Examples
cyst, noeoplasia, ovarian remnant syndrome
27
Ovarian Cyst: Types
nonfunctional (incidental)
| functional
28
Ovarian Cyst: Signs
dependant on hormone produced, prolonged stage of estrus
29
Ovarian Cyst: Tx
sx - removal
30
Ovarian Neoplasia: Origins
Epithelial, Stromal, Germ Cell
31
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Etiology
sx error
32
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Signs
recurrence of estrus cycle despite spay
33
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Dx
vaginal cytology, hormone assays
34
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome: Tx
sx
35
Pyometra: Signs
recent cycle, PU/PD, septic, fever, abdominal pain, poss. discharge
36
Pyometra: Dx
CBC (sepsis), DI
37
Pyometra: Tx
stabalize -> OHE
38
Metritis: Etiology
dystocia, obstetric manipulation, retained fetus/placenta, devitalized uterine tissue
39
Metritis: Signs
systemic illness
40
Metritis: Dx
CBC (sepsis), DI
41
Metritis: Tx
supportive, antibiotics, sx
42
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia: Signs
muco-/hydro-/hematometra, asymptomatic - or- systemic
43
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia: Dx
U/S
44
Cystic Endometial Hyperplasia: Tx
OHE if hematometra, supportive
45
Uterine Torsion: Signs
Acute abdomen, shock
46
Uterine Torsion: Tx
OHE
47
Uterine Rupture: Signs
min. -or- septic peritonitis (if pyometra)
48
Uterine Rupture: Tx
OHE
49
Uterine Prolapse: Tx
manual reduction, OHE
50
Labor: Order of Signs
Temp drop ->
Stage 1 - restless, nesting ->
Stage 2 - fetal expulsion ->
Stage 3 - placental expulsion -> involution
51
Dystocia: Dx
prolonged gestation (>68d), toxemia during gestation, stage 1 lasting >24hrs, no puppies >36h post temp drop, stage 2 > 30min, >4hr between puppies
52
Dystocia: Tx
uterine stim (oxytocin), C-section, en-bloc OHE
53
Canine Mammary Tumor: Dx
cytology, biopsy
54
Canine Mammary Tumor: Sx Techniques
lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, regional mastectomy, Chain Mastectomy
55
Lumpectomy: Procedure
remove solitary mass
56
Simple Mastectomy: Procedure
removal of a single mammary gland
57
Regional Mastectomy: Procedure
removal of glands 1-3/3-5
58
Chain Mastectomy: Procedure
removal of entire chain
59
T/F: The later you spay, the more likely the chance of Mammary Tumor.
True
60
Canine Mammary Hyperplasia: Appearance
multiple small masses after heat
61
Inflammatory Carcinoma: Appearance
rapid progression, highly metastatic
62
Inflammatory Carcinoma: Tx
terminal, not sx
63
Feline Mammary Tumor: Tx
aggressive chain mastectomy on affected side
64
Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia: Appearance
benign, progesterone dependant, looks like 6pack
65
Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia: Tx
OVE
66
Vagina: Sx Approaches
epsiotomy, ventral approach, transpelvic
67
Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Pathogenesis
retained embryonic epithelial tissue -or- hypoplastic
68
Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Signs
recurrent vaginites +/ UTI, incontinence
69
Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Dx
contrast DI, vaginoscopy, digital exam
70
Vestibulovaginal Stenosis: Tx
catheterize urethra (to protect), sx
71
Recessed Vulva ("hooded vulva"): Signs
skin fold dermatitis, vaginitis, urine pooling
72
Recessed Vulva: Tx
vulvoplasty
73
Vaginal Edema/hyperplasia: Appearance
edematous mucoas protrudes from vulva
74
Vaginal Edema/hyperplasia: Tx
self limiting, OHE, resection of affected tissue
75
Cryptorchid: Locations
abdominal, inguinal, prescrotal
76
Cryptorchidism: Cx Order
remove abnormal testicle first
77
Testicular Torsion: Signs
anorexia, lethargy -or- pain, shock
78
Testicular Torsion: Tx
sx
79
Testicular Neoplasia: Types and Dz
Sertoli cells - feminism syndrome
| interstitial cell - testosterone
80
Hypospadias: Definition
incomplete formation of penile urethra
81
Hypospadias: Signs
urine scalding
82
Hypospadias: Tx
urethrostomy proximal to abnormality
83
Paraphimosis: Definition
inability to retract penis into prepuce
84
Paraphimosis: Etiologies
congenital, trauma, infection, priapism
85
Paraphimosis: Tx
manual retraction, phallopexy
86
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Digital Exam
symmetrically enlarged, pain free prostate
87
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Tx
cx
88
T/F: Prostatic Abscess/Prostatitis doesn't require pre-existing BPH to develop.
false.
| BPH is required for development
89
Protatitis: Signs
dyschezia, painful urination/defication, purulent discharge
90
Prostatitis: Digital Exam
symmetrical, painful
91
Prostatitis: Tx
mild - antibiotics, fluids, cx
| Severe - antibiotics, omentaliztion, cx
92
Prostatic Cyst: U/S
"double bladder"
93
Prostatic Cyst: Tx
ressection and omentalization, cx
94
T/F: Cx dec. risk of Prostatic Neoplasia.
False.
| cx isn't protective against prostatic neoplasia
95
Prostatic Neoplasia: Signs
dysuris, hematuria, dyschezia
96
Prostatic Neoplasia: Tx
nothing effective
97
What tumors is cytology useful for diagnosing?
mast cell tumor, melanoma, lymphoma
98
What's the difference between Incisional and Excisional biopsy?
incisional - remove piece of tumor
| excisional - remove entire tumor + margins
99
Neoplasia: Excision Classification
marginal - remove just mass
wide - remove extra 2-3 cm
radical - remove entire compartment (amputation)
100
When should lymph nodes be aspirated?
prior to sx
101
Pertonitis: Pathophysiology
inflammation -> vasodilation -> hypovolemia -> coagulopatihies
102
Peritonitis: Classification
primary vs secondayr
aseptic vs septic
focal vs generalized
103
Primary Peritonitis: Example
FIP
104
Aseptic Secondary Peritonitis: Examples
chemical, bile, pancreatitis, uroperitoneum
105
Peritonitis: Dx
CDC/chem, blood gas, coag panel, DI, abdominocentesis
106
Peritonitis: Tx
stabalize -> exploratory +lavage
| fluids (colloids), antibiotics, analgesia, nutrition, post-op monitor
107
Gastric Foreign Body: Signs
vomit, lethargy, pain
108
Gastric Foreign Body: Dx
rads, U/S, endoscopy
109
Gastric Foreign Body: Tx
stabalize -> removal (endoscopy, sx, emesis)
110
Pyloric Stenosis: Pathophysiology
congenital hypertrophy of pyloric muscle
111
Pyloric Stenosis: Signs
intermittent vomiting, thin, abdominal distension
112
Pyloric Stenosis: Dx
contrast rads, endoscopy, U/S
113
Pyloric Stenosis: Tx
sx
114
Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy: Classification
Grade 1 - muscular hypertrophy
Grade 2 - msucular and mucosal hyperplasia
Grade 3 - mucosal hyperplasia + muscular and submucosal inflammation
115
CHPG: Dx
contrast rads, U/S, endoscopy
116
CHPG: Tx
Y-U pyloroplasty, pylorectomy
117
Pylorectomy: Billroth I Procedure
excise pyloris, attach duodenum to gastric incision
118
Pylorectomy: Billroth II Procedure
excise pyloris, attach jejunum to side of stomach => duodenum to become a blind sac
119
Pythiosis: Signs
wt. loss, v/d, hematochezia
120
Pythiosis: Dx
histo, elisa
121
Pythiosis: Tx
sx excision, itraconazole
122
GDV: Pathophysiology
bloat and rotation of stomach so that the pyloris is over (clockwise)/ under (counter-clockwise) the esophagus
123
GDV: Cario Effects
low pressure vein compression, poor venous return, hypotension, hypoxemia, reperfusion injury
124
GDV: Respiratory Effects
dec. ventilation => inc. CO2 => respiratory acidosis
125
GDV: Signs
looking/biting at abdomen, praying posture, retching, distended abdomen
126
GDV: Dx
lat rads
127
GDV: Tx
stabalize (fluids (crystaloid + colloid), gastric decompression) -> sx (derotate and excise devitalized tissue)
128
GDV: Sx Preventatives
gastropexy
129
Intestinal Foreign Body: Pathophysiology
oral gas + fluid accumulation and distension, wall ischemia
130
Intestinal Foreign Body: Signs
v/d, anorexia, depression, pain
131
Intestinal Foreign Body: Dx
rads +/- contrast
132
Intestinal Foreign Body: Tx
removal - enterotomy/ resection and anastomosis
133
Intestinal Viabilty: Evaluation
paristalsis pinch, color, perfusion (fluorescein infusion)
134
What is the layer of strength in the Intestine?
submucosa
135
Intestinal Sx: Suture Patterns
simple continuous/interupted, modified gambee
136
Linear Foreign Bodies: Sx
multiple enterotomies, cathetherize foreign body
137
Intestinal Sx: Complications
sepsis, adhesions, dehiscence, ileus, short bowel syndrome
138
How much intestine must be missing for Short Bowel Syndrome to become apparent?
>70%
139
Intussuseption: Etiologies
parasites, virus, foreign body, neoplasia
140
Intussuseption: Dx
rads, U/S
141
Intussuseption: Tx
manual reduction -or- resection and anastomosis
142
Mesenteric Tosion: Signs
abdominal distension, hematochezia, shock
143
Mesenteric Torsion: Dx
rads
144
Mesenteric Torsion: Tx
fluids, sx
145
Cecal Inversion: Signs
diarrhea, hematochezia, tenesmus, wt. loss
146
Cecal Inversion: Dx
contrast rads
147
Cecal Inversion: Tx
manual reduction -or- colotomy, typhylectomy
148
Megacolon: Signs
mass on palpation, depression, anorexia, dehydration, vomit
149
Megacolon: Dx
rads
150
Megacolon: Tx
correct dehydration, inc. fiber, stool softeners, laxatives, prokinetics -or- subtotal coletomy
151
Anal Prolapse: Tx
manual reduction w/ purse string if viable -or- resection
152
Why should enemas not be given sooner than 12hrs prior to sx?
the inc. fluid inc. risk of leakage
153
Rectum: Sx Approaches
transanal, dorsal, rectal pull through, lateral, ventral
154
Anal Sac Dz: Signs
swollen, poss. fever, painful, discharge
155
Anal Sac Dz: Tx
express, irrigate, treat underlying dz, anal acculectomy
156
Perianal Fistula: Signs
tenesmus, dyschezia, licking, discharge, pain
157
Perianal Fistual: Tx
clean, antibiotic, immunosuppression, sx
158
Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Signs
non-specific abdominal signs
159
Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Dx
CBC/chem, coag, rads, U/S
160
Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Tx
complete splenectomy, chemo
161
Splenic Torsion: Signs
Acute - pain, shock, DIC
| Chronic - malaise, intermittent acute signs
162
Splenic Torsion: Dx
U/S
163
Splenic Torsion: Tx
fluids, antibiotics, splenectomy (don't untorse)
164
Pancreas: Biopsy Techniques
guillotine, lobar dissection, pinch biopsy
165
Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Dx
U/S (hyperechoic mass), cytology
166
Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Tx
U/S guided drainage, resection + omentalization
167
Pancreatic Abscess: Etiology
sequela to pancreatitis
168
Pancreatic Abscess: Dx
U/S, cytology
169
Pancreatic Abscess: Tx
emergency sx (debride and omentalize)
170
Biliary Mucoceles: Dx
U/S
171
Biliary Mucoceles: Tx
cholecystectomy
172
Cholecystoduodenostomy: Sx Procedure
attach gal bladder directly to duodenum
173
Portosystemic Shunt: Classification
extrahepatic vs intrahepatic
| congenital vs acquired
174
PSS: Signs
failure to thrive, wt. loss, intolerance to anesthesia
175
PSS: Lab
microcytic anemia, neutorphilia, dec. BUN, inc. bile acids + ammonia
176
PSS: Dx
UA, DI (microhepatica), portagraphy, U/S
177
PSS: Tx
Until Sx - lactulose dec. protein, antibiotics
| Sx - occlude w/o causing hypertension, ameroid constrictor/ cellophane banding
