Exam 2 Flashcards
Analogy
Structures that are similar in appearance or function, but are inherited from different precursors
Ex: wings on insects, reptile, bird, and bat
Derived homologous
Similarities among closely related groups that are the result of shared recent history
Ex: hair
Ancestral homologous
Similarities among closely related groups that are the result of ancient ancestry
Ex: four legs or limbs
Convergence
Same function but different phylogenetic history
What make mammals?
Placenta, live births, infancy period, warm blooded, mammary glands, heterodonts, enlarged brain
What makes a primate?
Adapted to living in trees, flexible diet, parents invest in their offspring
R-selection
Ex: mice
Population is large, variable environment, small animals, low investment in offspring, lots of offspring, fast development
K-selection
Ex: primates
Small population, stable environment, large animals, high investment, few offspring, slow development
Strepirhines
Ex: lemurs and lorises
Better sense of smell, great sense glands, use them to mark territory, grooming claw and tooth comb, nocturnal, smaller brains, solitary
Haplorines
Ex: tarsiers, nwm, owm, apes, humans
Larger brains, not as good sense of smell, active during the day
Platyrrines
New world, braid nose with round nostrils, grasping tails
Where do lemurs live?
Madagascar, small lemurs are nocturnal, large lemurs are diurnal
Where do Platyrrines live?
New world
Why do primates live in groups?
Isolation leads to deficits in social behavior, they display threats, do patrols, groom, vocalize, share food, and agonistic buffering
Different primate matings
Monogamy: one male and female, display bonding behavior
Polygamy: multi male and female, low sexual dimorphism, fission fusion
Polyandry: one female multi male, low sexual dimorphism, very rare
Polygyny: one male many females, high sexual dimorphism
What kind of diets do primates have?
Frugivorous
Folivorous
Insectivorous
Frugivorous
Fruit eating requires low cusps for crushing soft fruits
Spider monkey, chimp
Folivorous
Leaf eating requires well developed shearing crests for cutting tough leafy material
Howler monkey, gorilla (tend to be large)
Insectivores
Insect eating requires sharp crests for tearing the outer skeleton of insects
Tarsier, usually small animals
Plantigrade and palmigrade
Heel and ankle bones make contact with the ground
Provides stability and flexibility, conform to surfaces better, most primates are palmigrade
Digitigrade
Heel and ankle are permanently raised off the ground
Ankle bones are longer, move quickly and quietly, cercopithecines are digitigrade
Different types of locomotion:
Vertical clingers and leapers
Quadrupedalism
Suspensory/brachiation
Knuckle walking
Vertical clingers and leapers
Legs are longer than arms, big hands and feet
Quadrupedalism
Moving in trees or on the ground with all four limbs, can be arboreal or terrestrial, arms and legs are equal, long flexible back
Suspensory and brachiation
Mostly using arms to move around trees, arms are longer than legs, gibbons, orangutans, flexible shoulders,
Knuckle walking
Placing most of the body weight on the back of fingers, shoulder joint points forward, adapted by large bodied suspension when they come to the ground
What is Kay’s threshold?
500 grams, above: you aren’t able to find enough bugs to supplement your diet with fruit or leaves
Below: you’re an insectivore
Why is habitat fragmentation bad for primates?
It leads to loss of biodiversity, loss of gene flow between groups
Example of in situ
Ecotourism to watch animals in natural habitats
Education
Ex situ example
Zoos
Reintroduction
Frozen zoo
Homoplasy
A trait that is shared because it was inherited from the same structure in a common ancestor
Ex: homologous tetrapods limbs
