Exam 2

Question 1

Analogy

Answer 1

Structures that are similar in appearance or function, but are inherited from different precursors

Ex: wings on insects, reptile, bird, and bat

Question 2

Derived homologous

Answer 2

Similarities among closely related groups that are the result of shared recent history

Ex: hair

Question 3

Ancestral homologous

Answer 3

Similarities among closely related groups that are the result of ancient ancestry

Ex: four legs or limbs

Question 4

Convergence

Answer 4

Same function but different phylogenetic history

Question 5

What make mammals?

Answer 5

Placenta, live births, infancy period, warm blooded, mammary glands, heterodonts, enlarged brain

Question 6

What makes a primate?

Answer 6

Adapted to living in trees, flexible diet, parents invest in their offspring

Question 7

R-selection

Answer 7

Ex: mice

Population is large, variable environment, small animals, low investment in offspring, lots of offspring, fast development

Question 8

K-selection

Answer 8

Ex: primates

Small population, stable environment, large animals, high investment, few offspring, slow development

Question 9

Strepirhines

Answer 9

Ex: lemurs and lorises

Better sense of smell, great sense glands, use them to mark territory, grooming claw and tooth comb, nocturnal, smaller brains, solitary

Question 10

Haplorines

Answer 10

Ex: tarsiers, nwm, owm, apes, humans

Larger brains, not as good sense of smell, active during the day

Question 11

Platyrrines

Answer 11

New world, braid nose with round nostrils, grasping tails

Question 12

Where do lemurs live?

Answer 12

Madagascar, small lemurs are nocturnal, large lemurs are diurnal

Question 13

Where do Platyrrines live?

Answer 13

New world

Question 14

Why do primates live in groups?

Answer 14

Isolation leads to deficits in social behavior, they display threats, do patrols, groom, vocalize, share food, and agonistic buffering

Question 15

Different primate matings

Answer 15

Monogamy: one male and female, display bonding behavior
Polygamy: multi male and female, low sexual dimorphism, fission fusion
Polyandry: one female multi male, low sexual dimorphism, very rare
Polygyny: one male many females, high sexual dimorphism

Question 16

What kind of diets do primates have?

Answer 16

Frugivorous
Folivorous
Insectivorous

Question 17

Frugivorous

Answer 17

Fruit eating requires low cusps for crushing soft fruits

Spider monkey, chimp

Question 18

Folivorous

Answer 18

Leaf eating requires well developed shearing crests for cutting tough leafy material

Howler monkey, gorilla (tend to be large)

Question 19

Insectivores

Answer 19

Insect eating requires sharp crests for tearing the outer skeleton of insects

Tarsier, usually small animals

Question 20

Plantigrade and palmigrade

Answer 20

Heel and ankle bones make contact with the ground

Provides stability and flexibility, conform to surfaces better, most primates are palmigrade

Question 21

Digitigrade

Answer 21

Heel and ankle are permanently raised off the ground

Ankle bones are longer, move quickly and quietly, cercopithecines are digitigrade

Question 22

Different types of locomotion:

Answer 22

Vertical clingers and leapers
Quadrupedalism
Suspensory/brachiation
Knuckle walking

Question 23

Vertical clingers and leapers

Answer 23

Legs are longer than arms, big hands and feet

Question 24

Quadrupedalism

Answer 24

Moving in trees or on the ground with all four limbs, can be arboreal or terrestrial, arms and legs are equal, long flexible back

Question 25

Suspensory and brachiation

Answer 25

Mostly using arms to move around trees, arms are longer than legs, gibbons, orangutans, flexible shoulders,

Question 26

Knuckle walking

Answer 26

Placing most of the body weight on the back of fingers, shoulder joint points forward, adapted by large bodied suspension when they come to the ground

Question 27

What is Kay’s threshold?

Answer 27

500 grams, above: you aren’t able to find enough bugs to supplement your diet with fruit or leaves
Below: you’re an insectivore

Question 28

Why is habitat fragmentation bad for primates?

Answer 28

It leads to loss of biodiversity, loss of gene flow between groups

Question 29

Example of in situ

Answer 29

Ecotourism to watch animals in natural habitats

Education

Question 30

Ex situ example

Answer 30

Zoos
Reintroduction
Frozen zoo

Question 31

Homoplasy

Answer 31

A trait that is shared because it was inherited from the same structure in a common ancestor

Ex: homologous tetrapods limbs