Exam 2 Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
Grade the luxation: Patella fixed in luxation, manual reduction is not possible, stifle cannot be fully extended
A
Grade 4
2
Q
DOC to tx VPCs?
A
Lidocaine
3
Q
The short portion of the tarsal collaterals is taut/relaxed in extention/flexion?
A
Taut in flexion and extension
4
Q
Describe the appearance of a leg that has caudoventral hip luxation
A
Non-weightbearing
Leg is held abducted and flexed
Stifle internally rotated
Affected limb is longer
5
Q
Tx for tarsus hyperextension?
A
Coaptation prior to surgery
Partial tarsal arthrodesis at level of injury
6
Q
Double bladder sign on US = ?
A
Prostatic cyst
7
Q
How would you differentiate acute gastric dilation from chronic gastric volvulus based on stomach position?
A
AGD = normal position
CGV = slight malposition
8
Q
Indications for medical management of pyometra?
A
Not systemically ill
Open pyometra
Owner highly motivated and aware of risks
9
Q
Do mammary tumors affect male and female dogs at the same rate? Male and female cats?
A
Dogs - female > male
Cats - female = male
10
Q
If you suspect your patient has legg-perthes but the radiographs are normal, what do you do?
A
Repeat in 1 month
11
Q
Signs associated with vaginal neoplasia?
A
Vulvar mass
Vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Tenesmus
12
Q
Indications for partial pancreatectomy?
A
Tumor removal
Biopsy of large lesion
13
Q
Which canine mammary glands are most commonly affected by neoplasia?
A
4th and 5th
14
Q
What procedure is ideal for large, active dogs with hip dysplasia?
A
THR
15
Q
When closing the stomach, what is the holding layer?
A
Submucosa
16
Q
What is the most common vaginal neoplasia?
A
Leiomyoma
17
Q
What makes up the common calcanean tendon?
A
Gastrocnemius tendons
Combined tendons of the gracillis, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
Superficial digital flexor
18
Q
The long tarsal collaterals are taut/relaxed when the joint is extended/flexed?
A
Taut when extended
19
Q
Indications for a chain mastectomy?
A
Multiple masses throughout the chain
Tumors in gland 3 with any COM
Solitary masses anywhere with multiple COM
20
Q
Indications for TPO?
A
6-8 months old
Distinct “clunk”
Angle of reduction <30 degrees
21
Q
What is the single most important element of preventing hip dysplasia?
A
Weight management
22
Q
What breeds are predisposed to GDV?
A
Great dane
St. Bernard
Standard poodle
23
Q
What layers are incised with a Fredet-Ramstedt Pyloromyotomy?
A
Seromuscular layers
24
Q
Which ovarian neoplasia can be bilateral?
A
Adenocarcinoma
25
What type of female reproductive lesions would you use an episiotomy approach?
Vestibular
Vaginal
26
As a result of medial malalignment of the quadriceps, what changes occur that relate to MPL?
Medial displacement of tibial tuberosity
Shallow trochlear groove
Hypoplasia of medial condylar ridge
27
Classify the acquired pyloric stenosis: Muscular hypertrophy
Grade 1
28
What breed is associated with congenital pyloric stenosis?
Boston terriers
29
Tx and approach for fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in cats?
OVH/OVE
Flank approach
30
What sex and breed is associated with mesenteric torsion?
Male GSD
31
What is the degree of rotation with counterclockwise GDV?
90
32
Which lobes of the liver is it ok to use the ligature technique for a complete liver lobectomy?
Left lateral
Left medial
33
Breeds associated with gastric adenocarcinoma?
Rough collie
Staff terrier
Belgian shep
34
What breeds are most affected by patellar luxation?
Small/toy breeds
35
What are the cat specific signs of portosystemic shunts?
Ptyalism
Copper colored irises
Aggressive behavior
36
What factors predispose a dog to GDV?
Underweight
Older
Temperament (mean/fearful)
Male
Intact female
Splenectomy?
37
What margins should you take when removing an intestinal adenocarcinoma or leiomyosarcoma?
4-8cm
38
Indication for Billroth II procedure?
When resection of stomach is so proximal to limit end to end anastomosis
39
What are the early radiographic changes associated with legg-perthes?
Radiopacity of lateral femoral head
Focal bony lysis - "motheaten" or "apple core"
40
What are the most common intestinal neoplasias in cats?
Lymphosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
41
What percentage of CCL injuries also have meniscal injury?
60-70%
42
What is the most common rectal neoplasia in dogs?
Adenomatous polyp
43
What breeds are associated with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts?
Labs
Australian shepherds
Old english sheep dogs
44
What gait is associated with MPL?
Skipping gait
45
Which part of the CCL is taut in flexion and extension?
Craniomedial
46
What sling do you use for a craniodorsal hip luxation? For how long?
Ehmer sling 4-14 days
47
Beak or apple core appearance of pylorus = ?
Congenital pyloric stenosis
48
Describe the stance of a dog that is in the compensatory stage of hip dysplasia
Rear base-wide
49
Common age of animals affected by carpal laxity syndrome?
5-27 weeks
Males
50
Surgical tx for tarsus OCD?
Fragment excision/debridement
Tibiotarsal arthrodesis
51
When would you do a single layer stomach closure instead of a double later?
Pyloric outflow tract
Reduced gastric volume
Thickened gastric wall
52
Classify the acquired pyloric stenosis: Mucosal hyperplasia + muscular and submucosal inflammation
Grade 3
53
What ratio of small intestine diameter to L% height tells you obstruction vs obstruction?
\<1.6 = no obstruction
\>2 = obstruction
54
If you are doing a regional mastectomy for a mammary tumor in glands 1 and 2, which glands are you going to remove?
1-3
55
MST for intestinal leiomyosarcoma?
1y
56
What are the most common cecal neoplasias?
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
57
Which carpal collateral ligament has a straight and oblique part? Which only has a straight part?
Radial = straight and oblique
Ulnar = straight only
58
Neutering is recommended for what hip condition?
Legg-perthes
59
Advantages/Disadvantages of Fredet-ramstedt Pyloromyotomy?
Ad - quick and easy, lumen not opened
Dis - Only for congenital, stenosis may reoccur
60
When is it indicated to do an emergency gastrostomy for GDV?
If unable to decompress by orogastric tube or trocharization and other surgical treatment must be delayed
61
What is the most common sign of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Failure to conceive
62
What phase(s) is it easiest to identify an ovarian remnant?
Estrus or diestrus
63
How does prostaglandin F2a help in the medical management of pyometra?
Makes the smooth muscle contract and expell the fluid
64
Tx for vaginal edema?
OHE/OE
65
Tx for small vs large prostatic cysts?
Small/limited attachment = surgical resection
Large/capsular/urethral communication = partial resection and omentalization
Castration with all cysts
66
Age range for young dogs with hip dysplasia?
5-12 months
67
T/F: Ovarian neoplasias commonly metastasize
False
68
What approach and technique would you use for annular vestibulovaginal stenosis that is intrapelvic?
Ventral abdominal + transpelvic approach
Vaginectomy (cervix to urethral opening)
69
How are glucose and potassium affected with GDV?
Both decreased
70
Best method to dx pancreatic pseudocyst?
Cytology
71
Which is more common, primary or secondary peritonitis?
Secondary
72
What is the most common intestinal malignancy in dogs?
Adenocarcinoma
73
What is the most common gastric neoplasia?
Adenocarcinoma
74
What is a poor prognostic indicator with single, congenital shunts?
Ascites (secondary to portal hypertension)
75
What is a post-op complication of meniscal release?
Long term OA
76
What antibiotics are best for tx of pyometra?
Ampicillin/enrofloxacin
77
What makes percutaneous tru-cut biopsy better than FNA w/ cytology in terms of diagnosis?
Histopathologic evaluation is better than cytology
78
Advantages/disadvantages of Heineke-Mikulicz Pyloroplasty?
Ad - mucosa exposed (biopsy), reoccurrence unlikely
Dis - Lumen opened, not usually effective with acquired stenosis
79
Surgical tx for recessed vulva?
Episioplasty (aka vulvoplasty)
80
How mant maniscotibial ligaments are there?
2
Medial and lateral
81
If you are doing a regional mastectomy for a mammary tumor in glands 4 and 5, which glands are you going to remove?
3-5
82
Which mammary tumor is surgery not indicated for?
Inflammatory carcinoma
83
What conditions predispose to pica?
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
Hepatic encephalopathy
Iron deficiency
84
T/F: Restricting water before/after feeding reduces the risk of GDV
False
85
What is the most common injury to the canine carpus?
Hyperextension (damage to palmar support structures)
86
What is the male:female of intestinal neoplasia in dogs and cats?
Dogs = 2:1
Cats = 1:2
87
What is the most common congenital deformity of the stifle?
Patellar luxation
88
What size margins should you excise when removing a gastric adenocarcinoma?
\>5cm
Remove regional LN's too
89
Is clockwise or counterclockwise GDV more common?
Clockwise
90
What lactate levels are associated with gastric necrosis?
\>6
Worse prognosis
91
Age for dogs and cats with ovarian cyst?
Dogs \< 3 years
Cats \< 5 years
92
What % of canine mammary tumors are malignant?
50%
93
T/F: Repair of vestibulovaginal stenosis also fixes incontinence
False
94
What is the preferred test for diagnosing gastric adenocarcinoma?
Endoscopy
95
How does JPS differ from TPO in regards to the acetabulum?
JPS rotates ventrally
TPO rotates dorsally
96
Grade the luxation: Patella can be manually luxated but spontaneously returns to normal position
Grade 1
97
Which do you want to do first, OHE or mastectomy and why?
OHE first
Avoid seeding tumor into abdomen
98
When is diagnostic imaging necessary for cancer?
Thoracic and abdominal tumors
Firm, non-mobile tumors
SQ, IM, and body wall tumors
99
When is a lumpectomy appropriate?
When there are no COM
100
What is the gold standard for diagnosis of gastric neoplasia?
Biopsy
101
What is the most common origin of uterine neoplasia in dogs?
Smooth muscle
102
When should excisional biopsy be considered?
Treatment would not be altered by tumor type
Re-excision possible without great morbidity
103
Classify the acquired pyloric stenosis: Muscular and mucosal hypertrophy
Grade 2
104
What approach and technique would you use for septal vestibulovaginal stenosis?
Episiotomy or endoscopic
Laser ablation or scissor resection with endoscopic
105
Cytology is good for what types of cancer?
Mast cell tumors
Melanoma
Lymphoma
TVT
Plasma cell
106
Acute gastric dilation or chronic gastric volvulus: normal position, distended stomach
Acute
107
Is medial or lateral collateral injury more common?
Medial
108
What are the 3 forms of liver adenocarcinoma and which has the best prognosis with complete surgical excision?
Massive - best prognosis
Nodular
Diffuse
109
Grade the luxation: Patella luxates with lateral pressure or on flexion of stifle, remains luxated until reduced manually or when animal extends
Grade 2
110
Etiology of medial luxating patella?
Medial malalignment of quadriceps (growth)
111
MST for cecal neoplasia?
7-12m
112
When would you do a punch liver biopsy?
Superficial lesions that are centrally located
Generalized hepatic disease (easy to do multiply biopsies)
113
What nutritional contents should be restricted to help prevent hip dysplasia from developing?
Calcium/Vitamin D
Energy
114
When would you use medical treatment for tarsus OCD?
Older dogs
Established OA
115
Describe the stance of a dog in the degeneration phase of hip dysplasia
Rear base-narrow
116
What layers are incised with the Heineke-Mikulicz Pyloroplasty?
All layers
117
What is the dx of choice to dx canine mammary tumors?
Excisional biopsy
118
With partial rupture of the common calcanean tendon, what portion is spared?
SDF
119
What tumors should be removed with wide excision?
Mast cell tumors (high grade)
Sarcomas
120
Is gastric leiomyosarcoma more common in the cardia or pylorus?
Cardia
121
What age animals usually get intussuseptions?
\<1 year
122
What breeds and age are associated with legg-perthes?
4-11 months
Minature poodle
Westie
123
What is the main risk associated with percutaneous tru-cut liver biopsy?
Increased risk of bleeding
124
What are the main functions of the cranial cruciate ligament?
Prevents:
Cranial tibial thrust
Hyperextension
Internal rotation
125
Tx for feline mammary tumor?
Chain mastectomy on affected side
126
Treatment of choice for uterine torsion?
OHE
Do not derotate!
127
What mammary tumor factors influence MST?
Tumor subtype
Tumor size
Histopathologic characteristics
128
What is the average age for intestinal carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma?
Carcinoma and lymphosarcoma = 10y in dogs and cats
Leoimyosarcoma = 11y in dogs
129
What is the best modality to diagnose congenital pyloric stenosis?
US
130
What is the gait associated with hip dysplasia?
Hip sway
131
Do you more often need surgical repair with caudoventral or craniodorsal hip luxation?
Craniodorsal
132
T/F: Osteotomy will eliminate tibial thrust and cranial drawer
False
Only eliminates tibial thrust
133
What can you give to help deal with reperfusion injury from GDV?
Acetylcysteine
Vitamin C, E, selenium
Deferoxamine
Lidocaine
134
What are the complications of a Billroth II procedure?
Alkaline gastritis (bile and pancreatic secretions enter stomach)
"Blind loop" syndrome (gastric contents move orally)
Marginal ulceration
135
What complication is associated with TPLO?
Iatrogenic angular limb deformity
136
What is the most common source of infection for secondary septic peritonitis
GIT
137
How would you differentiate BPH from prostatitis on US?
BPH = homogenous enlargement
Prostatitis = heterogenous enlargement
138
What age is it appropriate to do a JPS in a dog with hip dysplasia?
\<20 weeks
139
What conditions must be satisfied in order to do medical treatment for metritis?
Valuable breeding animal
Good response to initial therapy
No devitalized tissue/retained placenta or fetus
140
What forceps do you want to use on tissue you plan to preserve?
Doyen forceps
141
Gold standard for diagnosing septic peritonitis?
Cytology of abdominal fluid
142
What complication is associated with TTA?
Iatrogenic patellar luxation
143
How are the collateral ligaments different in the tarsus and carpus?
Carpus = only span one joint
Tarsus = long portion spans entire tarsus, short portion in two parts
144
Which type of surgery acts as a prosthetic capital ligament for coxofemoral luxation?
Toggle pin/rod
145
MST for cats and dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma?
Cats = 2y
Dogs = 10m
146
Tx for atresia ani?
Bougienage
Analplasty
Rectal pullthrough
147
What bacteria are usually associated with septic secondary peritonitis?
E. coli
Bacteroides
148
T/F: In regards to CCL disease, synovitis is present in the contralateral stifle joint
True
149
Most common feline mammary tumor?
Adenocarcinoma
150
What does it mean if you see cranial drawer/tibial thrust in a puppy ≤6 months old?
Normal finding
151
Are vaginal neoplasias usually benign or malignant?
Benign
152
Tx for grade 3 acquired pyloric stenosis?
Billroth 1
153
T/F: With counterclockwise GDV, the greater omentum covers the stomach
False
With clockwise rotation
154
What breeds are predisposed to tarsal hyperextension?
Middle-aged Shelties/Collies
155
What approach and technique would you use for annular vestibulovaginal stenosis that is caudal to the pelvis?
Dorsal approach
Vaginal resection and anastomosis
156
What layers of the stomach and small intestines are affected by pythiosis?
Submucosa
Muscularis
157
T/F: Castration increases the risk of prostatic neoplasia
True
158
What % of feline mammary tumors are malignant?
85-90%
159
What large intestinal procedure do you want to use prophylactic antibiotics for?
Subtotal colectomy
160
T/F: Glucocorticoids are great to use when treating GDV
False
Never give!!!!!
161
What is the most common cause of multiple acquired portosystemic shunts?
Portal hypertension
162
What is the most common neoplasm in the intact female dog?
Mammary tumor
163
How many meniscofemoral ligaments are there?
1
Lateral only
164
What is the most common grade of acquired pyloric stenosis?
Grade 2
165
Age of dogs with cecal inversion?
\<4y
166
What nerve can be affected by the lateral suture technique?
Peroneal
167
What type of arrhythmia is most common post-op GDV and what causes it?
VPCs
Caused by reperfusion
168
What is the most common type of meniscal tear?
Bucket handle
169
What organs are most affected by vasoconstriction caused by GDV?
Liver and kidney
170
What muscles may me atrophied with hip dysplasia?
Quads
Biceps femoris
171
95% of deaths following GDV occur how long post-op?
Within 4 days
172
How long can uterine prolapse happen after parturition of final fetus?
Up to 48 hours
173
Signalment for splenic torsion?
Large and giant breed dogs
Males \> females
Not reported in cats
174
With GDV, how does the pylorus rotate?
Cranial ventrally from righ to left
175
Which part of the CCL is taut in extension only?
Caudolateral
176
Which radiographic view is best to diagnose GDV? Which view should you never take?
Right lateral is best
Never take VD
177
What liver neoplasia is most common in dogs and cats?
Dogs = hepatocellular
Cats = cholangiocellular
178
What diets decrease the risk for GDV and why?
Egg or fish
Easy to digest protein
179
Why can you no longer get pyometra after an OHE or OE?
The ovary is the progesterone source so since its not there anymore, pyometra cant develop
180
Describe the lameness associated with OCD of the tarsus?
Worsens after rest
181
How does the age range differ between gastric leiomyosarcoma and gastric leiomyoma?
Sarcoma = 7 years
Leiomyoma = \>15 years
182
Where does gastric adenocarcinoma metastasize to?
Regional lymph nodes
Liver
183
When would you use the guillotine technique for liver biopsy?
Lesions at the periphery of the lobes
Diffuse liver disease
184
Which arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach? Lesser curvature?
Greater = Right/left gastroepiploic
Lesser = Right/left gastric
185
What is the best place to take a biopsy of the pancreas from?
Right distal limb (diffuse disease)
186
Which technique is most commonly used for complete or partial liver lobectomy?
TA stapler
187
What breeds are associated with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts?
Yorkies
Shih Tzus
Maltese
Mini poodle
Mini schnauzer
Pugs
188
What is the most common post-op complication of GDV surgery?
Shock
189
What factors increase the complication rate of the lateral suture technique?
Higher body weight
Younger age
190
What is an alternative two layer closure technique?
Simple continuous in submucosa, cushing pattern in seromuscular layers
or
Simple continuous in serosa/muscularis/submucosa, cushing pattern in seromuscular layers
191
What sling is indicated post reduction of a caudoventral hip luxation? Which is contraindicated?
Hobbles for 10-14 days
Dont use Ehmer sling
192
What is the gold standard for diagnosing portosystemic shunts?
CT angiography
193
What is the surgical management for a hyperextension injury?
Arthrodesis
194
How long prior to surgery should a patient with portosystemic shunt be medically managed?
At least 2 weeks
195
What is the most common tumor of the perianal area?
Perianal adenoma
196
Tx for grade 1 acquired pyloric stenosis?
Transverse pyloroplasty
197
Tx for calcanean rupture? Suture type?
3-loop pulley \> locking loop
Monofilament nonabsorbable suture
198
Describe the appearance of inflammatory mammary carcinoma
Edema, erythema
Firm
Pain
CS mimic mastitis
199
What is the advantage of doing a Roux-en-Y anastomosis over a Billroth II?
Avoids alkaline reflux gastritis and decreases liklihood of blind loop syndrome
200
How large should your biopsy be when doing a transverse wedge biopsy?
\<20-25% of circumference
201
What is an early radiographic finding of hip dysplasia?
Morgan's line
202
What is the traditional two layer closure for the stomach?
Cushing pattern oversewn with lembert
203
If the antebrachiocarpal joint is abnormal, would you do a partial carpal arthrodesis or a pancarpal arthrodesis?
Pancarpal arthrodesis
204
What is the most common developmental anomaly of the external male genitalia?
Hypospadia (incomplete formation of the penile urethra)
205
Treatment of choice for pancreatic abscess?
Debridement \> resection
206
What type of female reproductive lesions would you use a ventral approach for?
Intrapelvic
Abdominal
207
How long postpartum can metritis occur?
12 hours to 1 week
208
MST with inflammatory carcinoma?
\< 1 month
209
What is the most common cause of primary peritonitis?
FIP
210
What finding on palpation is the hallmark for hip dysplasia?
Pain on extension
211
What technique for partial liver lobectomy results in the greatest blood loss?
Parenchymal fracture and ligation (ligating or cauterizing individual vessels)
212
Grade the luxation: Patella is luxated most of the time, patella can be manually reduced but reluxated spontaneously
Grade 3
213
Tx for grade 2 acquired pyloric stenosis?
Y-U Pyloroplasty
214
Hallmark for diagnosis of septic peritonitis using cytology?
Intracellular bacteria
215
Acute gastric dilation or chronic gastric volvulus: slight malposition, vomiting, eructation, gastropexy
Chronic
216
What can you cause if you fail to adequately ligate the bile duct or fail to recognize and ligate small hepatic ducts entering the cystic duct?
Bile peritonitis
217
Tx for legg-perthes?
FHO
THR
218
What breed do you commonly see OCD of the tarsus?
Rottweilers
219
What is the initial tx for GDV?
Fluids
Decompression
Pain management
220
Describe the appearance of a leg that is affected with craniodorsal hip luxation
Leg held in relaxed extension
Stifle externally rotated
Affected leg is shorter
221
What breeds are associated with acquired pyloric stenosis?
Lhasa Apso
Shih Tzu
222
Tx for BPH?
Castration
223
What signs will you see with proximal vs distal intussuseption?
Proximal = vomiting
Distal = tenesmus
224
Which ovarian medical issue needs to be referred?
Ovarian remnant
225
What makes up the medical management of portosystemic shunts?
Lactulose
Low protein diet
Antibiotics (metronidazole, neomycin, ampicillin)
226
What are the most common type of portosystemic shunts?
Congenital extrahepatic
227
What do you also have to remove if there is a mammary tumor in gland 5?
Superficial inguinal LN
228
Kiwi sign on US = ?
Biliary mucocele
