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Anthropology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Cuts body into right and left

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2
Q

Coronal Plane

A

cuts body into front and back

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3
Q

transverse plane

A

cuts body horizontally into a cross section

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4
Q

superior/inferior

A 
superior= closer
inferior= further
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5
Q

Anterior/posterior

A 
Anterior= towards front
Posterior= towards back
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6
Q

medial/lateral

A 
medial= toward midline
lateral= away from midline
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7
Q

proximal/distal

A 
proximal= closer
distal= further
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8
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bone, mainly a wall of cortical bone

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9
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of the long bone. Filled with trabecular bone covered with cortical bone

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10
Q

periosteum

A

outer membrane

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11
Q

endosteum

A

inner membrane

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12
Q

trabecular bone

A

covered with a layer of compact bone

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13
Q

cortical bone

A

the dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity. This type of bone also known as compact bone makes up nearly 80% of skeletal mass

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14
Q

functions of bone

A

structure, protection, levers, mineral storage, , bone marrow

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15
Q

how many bones are in an adult human body?

A

206

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16
Q

3 types of joints

A

ball/socket: (shoulder) most movement
hinge: (elbow)
Saddle: (wrist and metacarpal of thumb)

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17
Q

mandible

A

the jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone

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18
Q

hyoid

A

only human bone that does not touch another bone. suspended from temporal bone.

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19
Q

rib

A

24 total. 1-10 attached directly to sternum.

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20
Q

sternum

A

the breastbone.

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21
Q

vertebrae

A

cervic, thoracic, lumbar

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22
Q

cervical (atlas/axis)

A

7 cervic vertebrae, smallest, at top. atlas & axis are special cervical vertebrae. Atlas + occipital bone = nod head. Atlas + axis = rotate head left and right

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23
Q

thoracic

A

12 thoracic vertebrae, medium, in middle

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24
Q

lumbar

A

5 lumbar vertebrae, largest, at bottom

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25
Q

sacrum

A

axial skeleton. articulates with most inferior lumbar vertebrae

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26
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

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27
Q

clavical

A

collarbone

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28
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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29
Q

humerus

A

upper arm

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30
Q

ulna

A

medial bone on forearm

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31
Q

radius

A

lateral bone on forearm

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32
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones (8 per hand)

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33
Q

metacarpals

A

palm bones (5 per hand)

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34
Q

manual phalanges

A

finger bones

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35
Q

hip bone

A

a large bone forming the main part of the pelvis on each side of the body

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36
Q

tibia

A

medial lower leg bone

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37
Q

femur

A

upper leg bone

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38
Q

fibula

A

lateral lower leg bone

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39
Q

tarsals

A

ankle and heels (7 total)

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40
Q

metatarsals

A

soles of feet (5 per foot)

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41
Q

pedal phalanges

A

toe bones (14 per foot)

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42
Q

patella

A

knee cap

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43
Q

Enamel

A

mineralized chewing surface of teeth

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44
Q

Dentin

A

soft shock absorber of teeth

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45
Q

Pulp

A

soft tissue of teeth, nerves, blood vessels

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46
Q

Cementum

A

calcified blood vessels on teeth, anchors teeth to jaw

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47
Q

incisor

A

a narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting. In humans there are four incisors in each jaw.

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48
Q

canine

A

a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars of a mammal, often greatly enlarged in carnivores.

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49
Q

premolar

A

a tooth situated between the canine and the molar teeth. An adult human normally has eight, two in each jaw on each side.

50
Q

molar

A

a grinding tooth at the back of a mammal’s mouth.

51
Q

deciduous teeth

A

primary teeth. (20)

52
Q

permanent teeth

53
Q

human dental formula

54
Q

Why study primates?

A

cross-species perspective. helps us understand and model how humans evolved. Insight into human behavior, morphology, culture

55
Q

Prominent features in all primates

A

arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment

56
Q

arboreal adaptations

A

unifying feature of primates. generalized skeletal structure, stereoscopic and color vision, enhanced sense of smell.

57
Q

dietary plasticity

A

unifying feature of all primates. omnivore, generalized dentition

58
Q

parental investment

A

unifying feature of all primates. longer gestation, reduction in number of offspring, intensive care and learning

59
Q

strepsirhini

A

dental formula 2.1.3.3 nocturnal. post-orbital bar. large olfactory bulb. rhinarium. claws. tooth comb.

60
Q

haplorhini

A

tarsiers and anthropoids (infraorders) catarrhini and platyrrhini (parvorders) larger bodies/brains, less specialized dentition, diurnal, post orbital closure, more sexually dimorphic

61
Q

anthropoidea

A

infraorder of haplorini

62
Q

platyrrhini

A

new world monkeys. dental formula 2.1.3.3. arboreal quadrupeds. marmosets and tamarins. prehensile tails.

63
Q

catarrhini

A

old world monkeys (apes and humans) dental formula 2.1.2.3 Superfamily cercopithecoidea.

64
Q

hominoidea

A

large brains, no external tail, extensive development period, y-5 lower molar

65
Q

cercopithecoidea

A

diverse habitats, some arboreal, some terrestrial, high level of sexual dimorphism, bilophodont molars, visual estrus

66
Q

gibbons

A

territorial, brachiation, low sexual dimorphism, frugivore, lesser ape, southeast asia (tropical and subtropical forest)

67
Q

geniuses of great apes

A

Pongo (orangutang), Gorilla (gorilla), Pan (chimps), Homo (humans)

68
Q

difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines

A

dental formula: platyrrhines have one extra premolar.

Nose: broad in platyrrhines, narrow and hooked in catarrhines

69
Q

Orangutans

A

solitary, semi-brachiation, high sexual dimorphism, frugivore, borneo and sumatra (asia)

70
Q

Gorillas

A

one male, multi-female groups, terrestrial, knuckle walking, high sexual dimorphism, folivore, equatorial africa,

71
Q

chimpanzees

A

territorial, variable locomotion, but mostly terrestrial (knuckle walking) low sexual dimorphism, omnivore, equatorial africa

72
Q

Humans

A

complex social structures, bipedal, low sexual dimorphism, omnivore

73
Q

Vertical Clinging and leaping

A

form of arboreal locomotion. most common in strepsirrhines. long hind limbs, short slender forelimbs, elongated tarsal bones, long hands, long flexible backs.

74
Q

Aboreal quadrupedalism

A

most common form of locomotion. walk along connected tree branches. less dangerous than leaping for larger primates, old/new world monkeys. equal length fore and hind limbs. lateral scapula keeps arms at sides. flexed limbs keep low center of gravity. grasping feet. long tails for balance.

75
Q

terrestrial quadrupedalism

A

four legs on the ground. old world monkeys with large bodies, as well as some great apes. equal length limbs, thick and long. restricted joint makes shoulder strong. short digits and tail.

76
Q

suspensory locomotion

A

Use limbs to swing between branches. allows large primates ability to move quickly between large branches too weak to support them. spider monkeys, gibbons, orangutans. mobile wrist joint, long forelimbs, long hind limbs, often lacking a tail.
brachiation: hand over hand swinging. lesser apes.
semi-brachiation: less shoulder rotation. (orangutan)

77
Q

Bipedalism

A

brachiation may be a pre-adaptation. upright walking. Humans are only obligate bipeds.

78
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

65 mya- to present

79
Q

Paleocene

80
Q

eocene epoch

A

true primates

81
Q

oligocene epoch

82
Q

miocene epoch

83
Q

pliocene epoch

84
Q

three hypotheses for emergence of primates

A

arboreal, visual predation, angiosperm radiation

85
Q

pleistocene epoch

86
Q

holocene epoch

87
Q

arboreal hypothesis for emergence of primates

A

early 1900s. primate traits = arboreal adaptations. movement from life on the ground to life in the trees. Problem: other arboreal mammals lack these traits.

88
Q

visual predation hypothesis for emergence of primates

A

1970s. argues against arboreal hypothesis. primate traits were adaptations to hunting insects and other small prey. hunted in trees and forest undergrowth. needed specialized visual apparatus and grasping digits. problem: many primates eat fruit.

89
Q

angiosperm radiation hypothesis for emergence of primates

A

late mesozoic= massive diversification of angiosperms (flowering/fruiting plants), visual acuity for finding fruit among the trees. grasping tails = can cling to trees while they eat fruit.

90
Q

plesiadapiforms

A

diverse mammals emerged at start of paleocene (65 mya) may have been the first primates. most likely ancestor to true primates. most extinct by eocene. western north america, western europe, asia, possibly africa. small brain, no post orbital bar, eyes on side of skull, claws, non opposable digits.

91
Q

euprimates

A

first true primates, 200 species- africa, asia, west usa, west europe. post orbital bar. convergent eyes. grasping digits/ nails. large brain.

92
Q

adapids

A

type of euprimate. similar to modern lemurs. long snout. diurnal. anthropoid like characteristics: no tooth comb, high sexual dimorphism,

93
Q

omomyids

A

type of euprimate. Ancestral to tarsiers. large projecting incisors, short skull, narrow snout, nocturnal, large eye orbit

94
Q

basal anthropoids

A

type of euprimate. sometimes considered first anthropoid. east asia. shorter snout. moved through trees like monkeys but not clingers and leapers.

95
Q

parapithecids

A

36-32 mya. dental formula 2.1.3.3 may be ancestor to platyrrhines.

96
Q

proliopithecids

A

32-39 mya. more derived features than platyrrhines. Dental formula 2.1.2.3. Large y-5 molars. some sexual dimorphism. ancestral to catarrhines.

97
Q

proconsolids

A

Arose in east africa. 2.1.2.3. large brain. sexual dimorphism. diastema. tooth wear. arboreal quadruped.

98
Q

Four hypotheses regarding how platyrrhines reached south america

A

North american migration, rafting, walking through antartica, independent evolution.

99
Q

north american migration

A

Euprimates from north America migrated south. Platyrrhines not related to higher primates. Problem: no evidence.

100
Q

rafting

A

originated in Africa, potentially from higher primates. They came over on rafts made of natural vegetation. ocean was much smaller then.

101
Q

walking through antartica

A

Walked from Africa to South America through Antartica. Antartica was warmer and less icy than today.

102
Q

independent evolution

A

arose independently in South America. Never related to Catarrhines. Problem: no evidence of earlier platyrrhines. Strong anatomical and genetic relation between old and new world primates.

103
Q

R-selected Species

A

more offspring. less parental involvement. shorter lifepan. shorter childhood.

104
Q

K- selected species

A

fewer offspring-higher parental involvement. longer lifespan. longer childhood.

105
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of living in groups

A

Advantages: protection, access to resources, access to mates, cooperative child rearing. Disadvantages: competition for resources, opportunity for violence, competition for mates, increased spread of disease.

106
Q

Female Reproductive strategies

A

Soliciting males. Refusal to mate with non-choice males

107
Q

Male Reproductive Strategies

A

Impregnation of multiple females. Physical competition with other males. Infanticide.

108
Q

How does male-male competition influence sexual dimorphism?

A

competition among males for mates results in a larger body size and louder calls. This is otherwise known as sexual dimorphism.

109
Q

polygyny

A

one male multi female. most common type. sexual dimorphism. female selects male. infanticide.

110
Q

polyandry

A

one female multi-male. most rare. only in some NWM. Marmosets and tamarins. female has twins. Males raise offspring.

111
Q

multi female, multi male

A

many OWM, some NWM. Chimps. provides protection and more affective food acquisition.

112
Q

all male bachelor group

A

temporary. Gelada baboon. infiltrate harem and evict dominant male.

113
Q

monogamy

A

rare. Indris, tarsiers. Males share territory/defense w/ female. low sexual dimorphism. father knows his offspring. Gibbons.

114
Q

solitary

A

female and offspring forage alone. one male rage encompasses many female ranges. norcutrnal strepsirrhines and tarsiers.

115
Q

Altruism

A

behavior that benefits others while negatively affecting the one taking the action.

116
Q

Kin selection

A

help your relatives survive because they share your genes. This increases your inclusive fitness.

117
Q

Reciprocal altruism vs general altruism

A

reciprocal altruism: help even non-relatives as long as you can expect the same in return. warning calls and grooming are examples.

118
Q

grooming and playing

A

maintain close contact between family members and non-related group members. Eases Tensions. promotes group cohesion.

119
Q

alloparenting

A

Caring for others who are not your own. usually done by females.

120
Q

group hunting

A

chimps. different roles during the hunt. near 100% success rate. share food- share access to mate.

121
Q

warning calls

A

allows other members of the group to escape danger. disadvantage: Alerts predators to your location.

122
Q

tool use

A

chimps. termite fishing. chewed leaves as sponges. rocks for breaking open nuts.

Anthropology (4 decks)

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