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Anthropology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Law

A

A generalization about something in nature. The “what”

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2
Q

Scientific Theory

A

the explanation of a phenomena. the “why”

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3
Q

Evolution

A

biological change from generation to generation

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4
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

earth is changed by natural processes operating both today and in the past

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5
Q

Catasrophism

A

theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. This was in contrast to uniformitarianism, in which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, created all the Earth’s geological features.

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6
Q

Taxonomic Classifications

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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7
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

(1707) Came up with taxonomic classifications

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8
Q

Lamarck

A

(1744) Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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9
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Actions during life cause new traits in the body. These traits are passed onto offspring

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10
Q

Problems with Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Not seen in real life (ear cropping, circumcision), DNA in sperm/egg doesn’t change, could emphasize current traits but not create new ones. Did lead to epigenetics.

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11
Q

Epigenetics

A

Some behaviors or conditions may influence genes in the next generation

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12
Q

Year that Origin of Species was published

A

1859

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13
Q

Two discoveries from his travels

A

Variation in environment = variation in characteristics.

Similar species in different locations have a common ancestor

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14
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

population growth vs food supply. More are born than can survive.

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15
Q

Equation for natural selection

A

Variation. Heritability. Selection.

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

spread because they increase a parent’s fitness

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17
Q

Fitness

A

average # of offspring from a parent with a given trait

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18
Q

Misconceptions about Evolution

A

Evolution is a theory about the origin of life. Evolution cannot be measured or tested. Evolution is random. Evolution gives organisms what they need. Evolution results in progress. All traits are adaptations.

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19
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A trait is appealing to the opposite trait but it may decrease fitness.

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20
Q

Natural Selection

A

theory for the process of biological change from generation to generation

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21
Q

Gene

A

discrete physical unit responsible for each trait. Sequence of base pairs on a strand of DNA.

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22
Q

allele

A

different versions of the same trait

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

fibers in the nucleus of the cell

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24
Q

prokaryote

A

single cell bacteria with no internal membrane bound compartments

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25
Q

eukaryote

A

cells with internal compartments separated by membranes

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26
Q

nucleus

A

Stores DNA containing majority of genes

27
Q

mitochondria

A

produces energy. Has its own DNA with a few genes

28
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

bases on one backbone form a hydrogen bond on another backbone. They are uncharged and face inwards.

29
Q

Phosphate Group

A

On backbone. Negatively charged and face outward.

30
Q

Four Nitrogenous Bases

A

Adenine, Guainine, Thymine, Cytosine

31
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

Guainine + Cytosine

Thymine + Adenine

32
Q

DNA Replication

A

occur’s in a cell’s nucleus. uses base-pair rule to make a copy of itself so the cell can divide.

33
Q

Four Steps of Replication

A
  1. Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to separate strands. 2. DNA primase adds a shorter primer 3. Free-floating nucleotides added by DNA polymerase III 4. Lagging strand is copied in the opposite direction in pieces which are later joined in one strand
34
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid. Used to copy DNA.

35
Q

Transcription

A

Gene to mRNA. DNA strand separates near the gene. Complementary mRNA bases attach to make mRNA. Thymine turns into Uracil. (A now pairs with U)

36
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA matches the correct amino acid to each codon on the mRNA.

37
Q

Translation

A

mRNA to protein. mRNA to protein

38
Q

Intron

A

doesn’t code but may be responsible for turning genes on and off

39
Q

Exon

A

coding portion of DNA. Codes for a specific protein

40
Q

mtDNA

A

mitochondrial DNA. contains only 37 genes vs 2,000 in DNA. Passed down through mother’s lineage.

41
Q

Diploid

A

has full chromosome number

42
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes coming from the mother and father that carry the same genes

43
Q

homozygous

A

both alleles are the same

44
Q

heterozygous

A

alleles are different

45
Q

Somatic Cells

A

non-sex cells. 22 pairs

46
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cell division. Starting cell has 46 chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each.

47
Q

Gamete

A

Sexual reproduction cell

48
Q

zygote

A

offspring

49
Q

haploid

A

only half the full number of chromosomes

50
Q

Meiosis

A

creates gametes. 4 unique haploids

51
Q

crossing over

A

for a given gene, the maternal and paternal version of a chromosome switch alleles.

52
Q

genotype

A

the two alleles that an individual has for a given gene

53
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical expression of a given gene

54
Q

homozygous dominant

A

both alleles are dominant

55
Q

homozygous recessive

A

both alleles are recessive

56
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

A parent will contribute only one of its two alleles for its given locus to the gamete. Segregation is due to the pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes separating during Meiosis I

57
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

different traits are inherited independently of each other. ex: coat color and tail length are inherited separately

58
Q

ratio of independent traits

A

9:3:3:1

59
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

phenotypic traits influenced by two or more genes. May be influenced by the environment. Continuous variation

60
Q

Mendelian Traits

A

phenotypic traits produced by a single gene, not influenced by the environment. discontinuous variation

61
Q

Antigens

A

proteins on the surface of cells that tell your body the cells belong to you. ABO blood types

62
Q

AB blood type

A

co-dominant

63
Q

high heritability

A

trait expression is largely controlled by genes. more susceptible to natural selection

64
Q

low heritability

A

trait largely controlled by environment. Less susceptible to natural selection

Anthropology (4 decks)

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