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NM PCM I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Disability

A

inability to perform activities usually expected in specific social roles that are customary for the individual or expected for the person’s status or role

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2
Q

Three components of physical therapy intervention

A

Coordination, communication, documentation
Patient/client related instruction
Procedural interventions

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3
Q

Restorative

A

Treat involved areas to remediate/improve function

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4
Q

Compensatory

A

Promote optimal function using residual abilities

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5
Q

Preventitive

A

Avoid potential future damage

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6
Q

Phase Models of Psycholsocial Adaptation

A

Shock, Anxiety, Denial, Depression, Internalized anger, externalized hostility, acknowledgement, adjustment

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7
Q

Strategies for Type A (high achievers)

A

Give good HEP

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8
Q

Strategies for perfectionists

A

Help patient find pleasure in accomplishing simple things

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9
Q

Strategies for authoritative personality

A

Engage in problem solving

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10
Q

Strategies for a passive-aggressive

A

Place responsibility for progress on patient, have patient make decisions about treatment, summarize progress

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11
Q

Positive coping strategies

A

Seeking control and information
Express emotion
Seeking social interactions

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12
Q

Negative coping strategies

A

Avoid control and information
Repress emotions
Withdrawal from social interactions

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13
Q

External locus of control

A

Other people or outside factors have control over outcomes

Have stress and anxiety in rehab

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14
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Person can affect his/her own circumstances

Quicker recovery, better motivation, more hope, more energy

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15
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

Symptoms that range in duration from 2 days to 4 weeks

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16
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

Acute: symptoms less than 3 mos
Chronic: symptoms beyond 3 mos

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17
Q

Motor control

A

Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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18
Q

Motor skills

A

Learned through interaction and exploration of the environment

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19
Q

Motor program

A

Abstract representation of movement that results in production of coordinated movement sequence

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20
Q

Motor plan

A

Idea or plan for purposeful movement that is made up of several motor programs

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21
Q

Short term change in neuroplasticity

A

Efficiency or strength of synaptic connections

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22
Q

Long term change in neuroplasticity

A

Organization and numbers of neural connections

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23
Q

Motor learning

A

Internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capacity for skilled behavior

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24
Q

Feedback

A

Response produced information received during or after the movement; monitor output for corrective actions

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25
Q

Feedforward

A

Sending signals in advance of movement to ready the system; allows for anticipatory adjustments in postural activity

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26
Q

Validity

A

Test accurately measures the parameter of performance being examined

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27
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of results in test/retest situations

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28
Q

Ascending reticular activating system

A

Exerts an excitatory influence on the cerebral cortex to maintain the alert state

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29
Q

Levels of consciousness

A

Alert
Lethargic - slow to respond, drowsy
Obtunded - dull, blunted response, difficult to arouse, appears confused
Stupor - semiconscious, aroused only with intense stimuli
Coma - no response to stimuli

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30
Q

4 parts of orientation

A

Time
Place
Person
Circumstance

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31
Q

What indicates attention problems

A

Inability to repeat six items (short lists of numbers or objects)

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32
Q

Declarative memory

A

Recall of facts/events

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33
Q

Immediate memory

A

Recall after a few seconds

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34
Q

Short term memory

A

Recall in minutes to days

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35
Q

Long term memory

A

Recall in years (general knowledge)

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36
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Poor new learning

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37
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Unable to remember previous learning

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38
Q

Factors of articulation

A 
Timing 
Vocal quality 
Pitch 
Volume 
Breath control
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39
Q

Neologisms

A

Creating new words

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40
Q

Circumlocutions

A

Talk around what it really is

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41
Q

Anomia

A

No language or stuck on word or two

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42
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Have automatic movement, but not on demand

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43
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Purposeful movement is not possible

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44
Q

Closed loop system of motor control

A

Uses feedback, somatosensation

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45
Q

Open loop system of motor control

A

Does not use feeback or error detection

Rapid movements or well learned movements so don’t have time to process

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46
Q

Tone

A

Resistance of muscle to passive stretch while attempting to maintain muscle relaxation

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47
Q

Spasticity

A

Velocity dependent resistance to passive stretch

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48
Q

Clasp knife response

A

Meet a lot of resistance, then reach a point where it is easier to move

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49
Q

Decorticate rigidity

A

UE flexion, LE extension

Disruption above superior colliculus

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50
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

Sustained posturing of UE & LE extension

Lesion between superior colliculus and vestibular nucleus

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51
Q

Opisthotonus

A

Sustained contraction of neck and trunk extensors

52
Q

Tone grading

A 
0 - no response
1 + decreased response (hypotonia)
2+ normal response
3+ exaggerated response
4+sustained response (rigidity)
53
Q

Gold standard for spasticity

A

Modified Ashworth Scale

54
Q

LE extensor tone actions

A

Hip Ext, add, IR,
Knee ext
Ankle PF and inv

55
Q

Reflex grading

A 
0 - no response
1+ decreased response (abnormal) 
2+ normal response
3+ brisk response (hyperreflexia)
4+ very brisk, hyperactive, 1-3 beat clonus 
5+ >3 beat clonus or sustained response
56
Q

Flexor withdrawal LE

A

Hip flexion, ER, and abduction

57
Q

Closed motor skill

A

Performed in a stable, nonchanging environment

58
Q

Open motor skill

A

Performed in a variable, changing environment

59
Q

Fixed support balance strategies

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Suspensory strategy

60
Q

Change in support balance strategies

A

Stepping strategy

Protective extension

61
Q

FIM Scores

A

5 and lower = need another person
6 = need AD but independent
7 = independent in a timely and safe fashion

62
Q

Generalizability

A

Extent to which practice on one task contributes to the performance of other, related skills

63
Q

Reflex theory

A

Sherrington

A stimulus causes a response

64
Q

Hierarchial theory

A

Jackson

CNS organized in 3 layers: high, medial, and low and motor control proceeds in a top down direction

65
Q

Highest level of hierarchy

A

Association cortex; elaborates perceptions and planning strategies

66
Q

Middle level of hierarcy

A

Sensorimotor cortex along with basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum

67
Q

Lowest level of hierarchy

A

Spinal cord, resulting in execution of movement

68
Q

Systems theory

A

Bernstein

Cooperative actions of many systems

69
Q

Systems model

A

Vereijken

Novice, Advanced, and Expert levels

70
Q

Closed Loop Theory

A

Adams

Sensory feedback compared to stored memories

71
Q

Schema Theory

A

Schmidt
Relationship formed on the basis of experience
Slow movement: feedback based
Fast movement: program based

72
Q

Recall schema

A

Selects initial movement conditions

73
Q

Recognition schema

A

Evaluate movement responses based on expected sensory outcomes

74
Q

3 stages of motor learning

A

Fitts and Posner

Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous

75
Q

Two stage theory of motor skill acquisition

A

Gentile
Getting the idea of the movement
Fixation/diversification

76
Q

Concurrent feedback

A

Given during the performance of the task

77
Q

Terminal feedback

A

Given at the end of performance of the task

78
Q

Knowledge of performance

A

Feedback about the quality of the movement pattern

79
Q

Knowledge of results

A

Feedback about the end results or outcome

80
Q

Summed feedback

A

Given after a set number of trials

81
Q

Faded feedback

A

Given after every trial initially, then progressively less frequently

82
Q

Bandwidth feedback

A

Given only when performance outside given error range

83
Q

Delayed feedback

A

Given after a brief delay

84
Q

Massed practice

A

Rest time is less than practice time

Good for high motivation, good concentration, and good endurance/energy level

85
Q

Distributed practice

A

Rest time equal or longer than practice time

Most learning per training time

86
Q

Blocked practice order

A

Repeated practice in a predictable order
111222333
Good for early acquisition of skills

87
Q

Serial practice order

A

Predictable but nonrepeating order
123123123
Good for retention and generalizability

88
Q

Random practice order

A

Nonrepeating and unpredictable order
123321231
Good for retention and generalizability

89
Q

Transfer of learning

A

The gain (or loss) of task performance as a result of practice or experience on some other task

90
Q

Parts to whole transfer

A

Practicing component parts of a motor activity in order to learn the whole activity

91
Q

Bilateral transfer

A

The patient practices movement on the unaffected side first, then progresses to practice with the affected side

92
Q

Regenerative synaptogenesis

A

Sprouting of injured axons to innervate previously innervated synapses

93
Q

Reactive synaptogenesis

A

Collateral sprouting

Reclaiming of synaptic sites of injured axon by dendritic fibers from neighboring axons

94
Q

Vicariance

A

Experiencing from experience from others

95
Q

Neurodevelopmental Treatment

A

Karl and Berta Bobath

Postural control is foundation for all skill learning

96
Q

Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke

A

Carr and Shephard

97
Q

Recovery stage in patients with stroke

A

Signe Brunnstrom

98
Q

Stage 1

A

Presence of flaccidity

99
Q

Stage 2

A

Emergency of basic limb synergies

100
Q

Stage 3

A

Voluntary performance of all or part of basic limb synergies

101
Q

Stage 4

A

Beginning of collateral movement outside of synergistic pattern

102
Q

Stage 5

A

Relative independence of basic limb synergies

103
Q

Stage 6

A

Isolated, coordinated joint movement

104
Q

PNF Patterns

A

Kabat, Knott, Voss

105
Q

Neuromuscular/Sensory stimulation techniques

A

Maragret Rood

106
Q

Reciprocal Innervation

A

Reflex activation for movement patterns in developmental sequence

107
Q

Coinnervation

A

Cocontraction of agonist and antagonist to stabilize body from head to feet

108
Q

Heavy work

A

Movement superimposed on cocontraction

109
Q

What artery is most commonly infarcted in stroke? Why?

A

Middle cerebral artery because of its direct continuation from the internal carotid artery

110
Q

Intracranial Hemorrhage

A

Rupture of cerebral vessel (weakened by atherosclerosis and having formed an aneurysm)

111
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into subarachnoid space from saccular or berry aneurysm

112
Q

Top risk factors for stroke

A

Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Heart disease
Diabetes

113
Q

Ischemic umbra

A

Core area of focal infarction

Irreversible cellular damage

114
Q

Ischemic penumbra

A

Area between normally perfused tissue and ischemic tissue

Viable, but metabolically lethargic

115
Q

Subclavian steal syndrome

A

A narrowing of the proximal subclavian artery causes blood to be shunted to the extremity instead of the full amount going to brain
Symptoms include dizziness, arm claudication, and BP difference between arms greater than 20 mmHg

116
Q

Anterior cerebral artery syndrome

A

Artery supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
CL hemiparesis in LE

117
Q

Middle cerebral artery syndrome

A 
Supplies the entire lateral aspect of the cortex and sub cortical structures 
CL hemiparesis of UE and face 
CL sensory loss 
Aphasia 
Homonymous hemianopsia
118
Q

Internal carotid artery syndrome

A

ICA supplies ACA and MCA

If circle of willis is impaired, extensive cerebral infarcction, cerebral edema, uncal herniation, and death

119
Q

Lacunar syndromes

A

Small vessel (penetrating arteries) disease deep in cerebral white matter

120
Q

Pure motor lacunar stroke

A

Involvement of posterior limb of internal capsule, pons, and pyramids

121
Q

Purse sensory lacunar stroke

A

Ventrolateral thalamus or thalamocortical projections

122
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

Complete basilar artery thrombosis and bilateral infarction of pons
Paralysis (tetraplegia) and lower bulbar paralysis (CN V-XII)
Mutism (anarthria) - unable to speak

123
Q

What is preserved in locked in syndrome

A

Consciousness
Sensation
Vertical eye movements
Blinking

124
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Unable on command OR automatically

125
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Unable on command

126
Q

Inpatient rehab rules? Who accredits them?

A

CARF

Patient must tolerate 3 hours a day for 5 days a week by 2 or more disciplines (PT, OT, SLP)

NM PCM I (6 decks)

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