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BIO 600 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An enzyme that temporarily undergoes covalent catalysis as part of its mechanism

A

Chymotrypsin

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2
Q

The type of reaction catalyzed by proteases

A

Protein Breakdown

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3
Q

The inhibitor which binds only to the ES complex and lowers the Vmax and Km

A

Uncompetitive

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4
Q

The enzyme inhibition that can be overcome by increasing concentration of substrate

A

Competitive

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5
Q

The shape of the kinetic plot of an enzyme that exhibits cooperative binding

A

Sigmodial

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6
Q

An enzyme catalyst mechanism that uses anther molecule other than water to accept or donate a proton is what kind of catalytic strategy

A

General Acid-Base

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7
Q

The sulfa drug, sulfanilamide, is what kind of inhibitor

A

Competitive

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8
Q

What kind of inhibitor would you NOT have if you find out drug inhibition decreases when substrate concentration increased

A

Uncompetitive or Noncompetitive

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9
Q

An uncompetitive inhibitor will have two_______ lines on a double reciprocal plot

A

Parallel

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10
Q

Inhibitor which binds irreversible to the active site of an enzyme

A

Suicide

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11
Q

Stabilizes the intermediate of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond to chymotrypsin

A

NH groups

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12
Q

A ____________ inhibitor has a structure similar to the substrate and reversibly binds to the active site of the enzyme

A

Competitive

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13
Q

Which three amino acids in chymotrypsin are found in the active site and play the most critical role in catalysis

A

Ser
His
Asp

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14
Q

The mechanism of chymotrypsin involves the formation of an unstable _______-shaped intermediate that is stabilized by the oxyanion hole

A

Tetrahedral

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15
Q

This is the organic portion of the heme group in hemoglobin

A

Protoporphyrin

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16
Q

This type of hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two y chains

A

Fetal

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17
Q

This type of binding is indicated by a sigmoidal-shaped binding curve

A

Cooperative

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18
Q

This condition is a result of a single point mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell anemia

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19
Q

Under normal conditions, the heme iron in myoglobin and hemoglobin is in the_________ oxidation state

A

Ferrous

Fe2+

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20
Q

The ability of myoglobin to bind oxygen depends on the presence of a bound prosthetic group called

A

Heme

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21
Q

In hemoglobin, the iron of the heme is bonded to the four nitrogens of porphyrin and to the proximal_______ residue of the global chain

A

Histidine

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22
Q

The binding of 2-3-bisphosphogycerate to hemoglobin___________ its affinity of oxygen binding

A

decreases

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23
Q

The effects of pH on oxyge-binding of hemoglobin is referred to as the

A

Bohr effect

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24
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with the amino terminal groups of hemoglobin to form carbamate groups which carry a _______ charge

A

Negative

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25
Q

The T-state of hemoglobin is stabilized by a salt bridge between beta1 Asp 94 and the C-terminal __________ of the beta1 chain

A

Histidine

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26
Q

In normal adult hemoglobin, HbA, the beta6 position is a glutamate residue, whereas in sickle cell hemoglobin, HbS, it is a ________ residue

A

Valine

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27
Q

As the pressure of carbon increases, the affinity of oxygen binding to hemoglobin ________

A

Decreases

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28
Q

2,3-Bisphosphoglcerate binds only to the ________ form of hemoglobin

A

Deoxy

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29
Q

This is the chemical form in which most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

A

Bicarbonate

HCO3-

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30
Q

The HIV envelope is coated with what class of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

These monosaccharides differ at a single asymmetric carbon

A

Epimer

32
Q

This is the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere

A

Cellulose

33
Q

The storage form of glucose in animals

A

Glycogen

34
Q

The storage form of glucose in plants

A

Starch

35
Q

These are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides

A

Glycosyltransferases

36
Q

These protein bind to specific carbohydrate structures

A

Lectins

37
Q

In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to the residue in the protein

A

Asn

38
Q

An O-linked glycoprotein is when the carbohydrate portion is attached to

A

Ser
The
Tyr
(a.a. with -OH)

39
Q

The influenza virus recognizes this acidic sugar molecule found on glycoproteins that are present on human cell surfaces

A

Sialic acid

40
Q

What function group makes sialic acid acidic?

A

Carboxyl

41
Q

Mostly, the pentasaccharide core of N-linked glycoproteins is made of

A

Mannose & N acetyl glucosamine

42
Q

Proteoglycans

A

mostly sugar

43
Q

Glycoprotein

A

mostly protein

44
Q

A surface protein of influenza virus that binds to a sugar residue on the host cell membrane

A

Hemagglutinin

45
Q

A surface protein of influenza virus that cleaves glycosidic bonds

A

Neuramindase

46
Q

Carbohydrate component of RNA

A

D-ribose

47
Q

Monosaccharide component of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

48
Q

Sugar for DNA that is missing one -OH group

A

D-Deoxyribose

49
Q

Most fatty acids have a ______ number of carbon atoms. Why?

A

Even

Biosynthesis requires C2

50
Q

3 major types of membrane lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
51
Q

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties

A

amphipathic

52
Q

What is common to proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides that is not a feature of lipids?

A

Lipids don’t form polymers

solubility

53
Q

Lipids which contain carbohydrates

A

Glycolipid

54
Q

Flat hydrophobic 4-ring molecule that is a precursor to many steroidal hormones

A

Sterol ring or cholesterol

55
Q

Fat molecule that serves are the main energy storage in animals

A

Triacylglycerol

56
Q

This membrane lipid composed of sphingosine, fatty acid, and a simple sugar

A

Cerebroside

57
Q

Ionized fatty acids readily form ________ in aqueous solution

A

Micelles

58
Q

Aqueous compartments enclosed by lipid bilayer

A

Liposomes

59
Q

Three lipid molecules that can me attached to proteins to make the proteins associate with cell membranes

A
  1. Palmitoyl Group
  2. Farnesyl Group
  3. GPI
60
Q

Polycyclic hydrocarbon, often hydroxylated

A

Cholesterol

61
Q

Phospholipids spontaneously form

A

Lipid bilayers

62
Q

The driving force for the formation of membrane bilayers

A

Hydrophobic effect

63
Q

Has a high permeability through lipid bilayers

A

Water

64
Q

Protein only removed from a membrane with detergents

A

Intergral proteins

65
Q

This substance inhibits prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 by blocking the channel through which the substance arachidonate travels

A

Aspirin

66
Q

The type of amino acid found in the transmembrane helix of an integral protein

A

Non-polar

67
Q

This is the process by which lipids and proteins move in the membrane bilayer

A

Lateral diffusion

68
Q

These membrane components contain carbohydrates

A

Glycolipids

69
Q

Bilayer lipid vesicle with an aqueous compartment

A

Liposomes

70
Q

The effect of cholesterol on the phase-transition temp of cell membrane is to

A

Broaden Tm

71
Q

Membrane proteins that are bound primarily by electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with the head groups of lipids

A

Peripheral

72
Q

Some proteins ar anchored to the membrane by being covalently attached to a__________ by a thirster linkage to a specific cysteine residue

A

Palmitic group

Farynesal group

73
Q

The temperature at which a phospholipid membrane transitions from a rigid to a fluid state is referred to as

A

Tm

74
Q

An increase in the amount of unsaturated fatty acid chains in a membrane __________ the fluidity of the membrane

A

Increases

BIO 600 (5 decks)

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